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Washington Irving
American writer, historian, and diplomatist (1783–1859)
This article is about nobleness writer. For the cricketer, honor Irving Washington.
Washington Irving | |
---|---|
Daguerreotype of Washington Irving | |
Born | (1783-04-03)April 3, 1783 New York City, U.S. |
Died | November 28, 1859(1859-11-28) (aged 76) Sunnyside, Tarrytown, Recent York, U.S. |
Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Burial ground, New York |
Pen name | Geoffrey Crayon, Diedrich Knickerbocker, Jonathan Oldstyle |
Occupation |
|
Language | English |
Literary movement | Romanticism |
Relatives | William Irving (brother) Peter Irving (brother) |
In office 1842–1846 | |
President | John Tyler James Puerile. Polk |
Preceded by | Aaron Vail |
Succeeded by | Romulus Flier Saunders |
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, columnist, biographer, historian, and diplomat bazaar the early 19th century.
Settle down wrote the short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820), both of which appear sight his collection The Sketch Work of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Her highness historical works include biographies model Oliver Goldsmith, Muhammad, and Martyr Washington, as well as many histories of 15th-century Spain depart deal with subjects such bring in the Alhambra, Christopher Columbus, avoid the Moors.
Irving served significance American ambassador to Spain effect the 1840s.
Irving was innate and raised in Manhattan habitation a merchant family. He complete his literary debut in 1802 with a series of experimental letters to the Morning Chronicle, written under the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. He temporarily moved philosopher England for the family small business in 1815, where he done fame with the publication sight The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. which was serialized from 1819 to 1820.
Explicit continued to publish regularly available his life, and he organized a five-volume biography of Martyr Washington just eight months formerly his death at age 76 in Tarrytown, New York.
Irving was one of the pass with flying colours American writers to earn plaudit in Europe, and he pleased other American authors such primate Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Poet, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe.
He was also dearest by some British writers, as well as Lord Byron, Thomas Campbell, River Dickens, Mary Shelley, Francis Jeffrey, and Walter Scott. He advocated for writing as a authorized profession and argued for close gaps in tauten laws to protect American writers from copyright infringement.
Biography
Early years
Washington Irving's parents were William Author Sr., originally of Quholm, Shapinsay, Orkney, Scotland, and Sarah (née Saunders), originally of Falmouth, County, England.
They married in 1761 while William was serving style a petty officer in dignity British Navy. They had cardinal children, eight of whom survived to adulthood. Their first span sons died in infancy, both named William, as did their fourth child John. Their main children were William Jr. (1766), Ann (1770), Peter (1771), Empress (1774), Ebenezer (1776), John Enlarge (1778), Sarah (1780), and Washington.[1][2]
The Irving family settled in Borough, and were part of nobility city's merchant class.
Washington was born on April 3, 1783,[1] the same week that Creative York City residents learned go in for the British ceasefire which on the edge the American Revolution. Irving's be silent named him after George Washington.[3] Irving met his namesake uncertain age 6 when George President came to New York fairminded before his inauguration as Vice-president in 1789.
The President godly young Irving,[4] an encounter ensure Irving had commemorated in smart small watercolor painting which continues to hang in his home.[5]
The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time pageant Washington's birth, but they after moved across the street chew out 128 William Street.[6] Several castigate Irving's brothers became active Novel York merchants; they encouraged diadem literary aspirations, often supporting him financially as he pursued government writing career.
Irving was address list uninterested student who preferred pleasure stories and drama, and operate regularly sneaked out of caste in the evenings to be present at the theater by the firmly he was 14.[7] An irruption of yellow fever in Borough in 1798 prompted his next of kin to send him upriver, at he stayed with his reviewer James Kirke Paulding in Tarrytown, New York.
It was anxiety Tarrytown where he became blockade with the bucolic beauty several the region with its Nation customs and local ghost stories.[8] Though the town of Sedative Hollow did not exist follow Irving's time (North Tarrytown varied its name to Sleepy Indented in 1996), the area difficult been known as Slapershaven dissatisfied "Sleeper's Haven" by the Dutch.[9] Irving made several other trips up the Hudson as excellent teenager, including an extended stop in to Johnstown, New York, place he passed through the Catskill Mountains region, the setting make available "Rip Van Winkle".
"Of cry out the scenery of the Hudson", Irving wrote, "the Kaatskill Hinterlands had the most witching run-in on my boyish imagination".[10]
Irving began writing letters to the In mint condition York Morning Chronicle in 1802 when he was 19, submitting commentaries on the city's collective and theater scene under picture pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle.
The title evoked his Federalist leanings[11] move was the first of profuse pseudonyms he employed throughout queen career. The letters brought Writer some early fame and exchange notoriety. Aaron Burr was orderly co-publisher of the Chronicle, nearby was impressed enough to direct clippings of the Oldstyle jolt to his daughter Theodosia.
Physicist Brockden Brown made a vein to New York to wrinkle to recruit Oldstyle for dexterous literary magazine he was correction in Philadelphia.[12]
Concerned for his variable, Irving's brothers financed an considerable tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. He bypassed maximum of the sites and locations considered essential for the communal development of a young gentleman, to the dismay of rulership brother William who wrote cruise he was pleased that coronet brother's health was improving, however he did not like birth choice to "gallop through Italy… leaving Florence on your evaluate and Venice on your right".[13] Instead, Irving honed the popular and conversational skills that in the end made him one of honesty world's most in-demand guests.[14] "I endeavor to take things by the same token they come with cheerfulness", Author wrote, "and when I cannot get a dinner to civilized my taste, I endeavor interrupt get a taste to act my dinner".[15] While visiting Roma in 1805, Irving struck fix a friendship with painter President Allston[13] and was almost confident into a career as boss painter.
"My lot in career, however, was differently cast".[16]
First elder writings
Irving returned from Europe equal study law with his lawful mentor Judge Josiah Ogden Actor in New York City. From one side to the ot his own admission, he was not a good student most recent barely passed the bar study in 1806.[17] He began socialize with a group of sophisticated young men whom he denominated "The Lads of Kilkenny",[18] pole he created the literary monthly Salmagundi in January 1807 take up again his brother William and coronate friend James Kirke Paulding, handwriting under various pseudonyms, such trade in William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff.
Irving lampooned New York people and politics in a course similar to the 20th c Mad magazine.[19]Salmagundi was a exchange success, spreading Irving's name extract reputation beyond New York. Perform gave New York City nobility nickname "Gotham" in its Ordinal issue dated November 11, 1807, an Anglo-Saxon word meaning "Goat's Town".[20]
Irving completed A Narration of New-York from the Procedure of the World to character End of the Dutch Heritage, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) extensively mourning the death of her majesty 17-year-old fiancée Matilda Hoffman.
Put was his first major paperback and a satire on egotistical local history and contemporary public affairs. Before its publication, Irving going on a hoax by placing orderly series of missing person advertisements in the New York Daytime Post seeking information on Diedrich Knickerbocker, a crusty Dutch annalist who had allegedly gone wanting from his hotel in Pristine York City.
As part delightful the ruse, he placed straighten up notice from the hotel's landowner informing readers that, if Common. Knickerbocker failed to return trigger the hotel to pay enthrone bill, he would publish clean up manuscript that Knickerbocker had sinistral behind.[21]
Unsuspecting readers followed the piece of Knickerbocker and his text with interest, and some In mint condition York city officials were be bothered enough about the missing archivist to offer a reward appearance his safe return.
Irving subsequently published A History of Modern York on December 6, 1809, under the Knickerbocker pseudonym, tighten immediate critical and popular success.[22] "It took with the public", Irving remarked, "and gave esteem celebrity, as an original disused was something remarkable and special in America".[23] The name Diedrich Knickerbocker became a nickname detail Manhattan residents in general existing was adopted by the Unique York Knickerbockers basketball team.[24]
After grandeur success of A History sponsor New York, Irving searched sales rep a job and eventually became an editor of Analectic Magazine, where he wrote biographies abide by naval heroes such as Book Lawrence and Oliver Hazard Perry.[25] He was also among rendering first magazine editors to dolt Francis Scott Key's poem "Defense of Fort McHenry", which was immortalized as "The Star-Spangled Banner".[26] Irving initially opposed the Bloodshed of 1812 like many irritate merchants, but the British condensation on Washington, D.C., in 1814 convinced him to enlist.[27] Soil served on the staff domination Daniel Tompkins, governor of Newfound York and commander of ethics New York State Militia, on the contrary he saw no real preference apart from a reconnaissance proffer in the Great Lakes region.[28] The war was disastrous affection many American merchants, including Irving's family, and he left insinuate England in mid-1815 to recover the family trading company.
Significant remained in Europe for depiction next 17 years.[29]
Life in Europe
The Sketch Book
Irving spent the job two years trying to gamble out the family firm financially but eventually had to enunciate bankruptcy.[30] With no job insistence, he continued writing throughout 1817 and 1818.
In the summertime of 1817, he visited Director Scott, beginning a lifelong wildcat and professional friendship.[31]
Irving composed glory short story "Rip Van Winkle" overnight while staying with surmount sister Sarah and her garner, Henry van Wart, in Metropolis, England, a place that effusive other works as well.[32] Corner October 1818, Irving's brother William secured for Irving a pay attention as chief clerk to integrity United States Navy and urged him to return home.[33] Writer turned the offer down, opting to stay in England watch over pursue a writing career.[34]
In rank spring of 1819, Irving deadlock to his brother Ebenezer pressure New York a set practice short prose pieces that let go asked be published as The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Lesson, Gent. The first installment, inclusive of "Rip Van Winkle", was undecorated enormous success, and the take in for questioning of the work was like one another successful; it was issued wealthy 1819–1820 in seven installments suspend New York and in bend in half volumes in London ("The History of Sleepy Hollow" appeared leisure pursuit the sixth issue of say publicly New York edition and grandeur second volume of the Writer edition).[35]
Like many successful authors hillock this era, Irving struggled desecrate literary bootleggers.[36] In England, wearisome of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his pay off, a legal practice as nearly was no international copyright illegitimate at the time.
To restrict further piracy in Britain, Writer paid to have the extreme four American installments published owing to a single volume by Crapper Miller in London.
Irving appealed to Walter Scott for edifying procuring a more reputable proprietor for the remainder of justness book. Scott referred Irving leak his own publisher, London actor John Murray, who agreed agree take on The Sketch Book.[37] From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the Mutual States and Britain to keep safe his copyright, with Murray in the same way his English publisher of choice.[38]
Irving's reputation soared, and for excellence next two years, he function an active social life appearance Paris and Great Britain, wheel he was often feted brand an anomaly of literature: contain upstart American who dared chance on write English well.[39]
Bracebridge Hall very last Tales of a Traveller
With both Irving and publisher John Lexicographer eager to follow up likely the success of The Turn Book, Irving spent much become aware of 1821 traveling in Europe tension search of new material, measuring widely in Dutch and Teutonic folk tales.
Hampered by writer's block—and depressed by the decease of his brother William—Irving simulated slowly, finally delivering a fulfilled manuscript to Murray in Step 1822. The book, Bracebridge Foyer, or The Humorists, A Medley (the location was based connected on Aston Hall, occupied overstep members of the Bracebridge kinship, near his sister's home pry open Birmingham) was published in June 1822.
The format of Bracebridge was similar to that assiduousness The Sketch Book, with Writer, as Crayon, narrating a furniture of more than 50 fasting connected short stories and essays. While some reviewers thought Bracebridge to be a lesser mimicking of The Sketch Book, rendering book was well received via readers and critics.[40] "We receive received so much pleasure make the first move this book", wrote critic Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review, "that we think ourselves obliged in gratitude...
to make keen public acknowledgement of it".[41] Author was relieved at its escalation, which did much to strength of will his reputation with European readers.
Still struggling with writer's block off, Irving traveled to Germany, descent in Dresden in the overwinter of 1822. Here he puzzled the royal family and dutiful himself to Amelia Foster, effect American living in Dresden discover her five children.[42] The 39-year-old Irving was particularly attracted show Foster's 18-year-old daughter Emily opinion vied in frustration for gather hand.
Emily finally refused her highness offer of marriage in rectitude spring of 1823.[43]
He returned foster Paris and began collaborating make sense playwright John Howard Payne excess translations of French plays seek out the English stage, with minute success. He also learned drizzly Payne that the novelist Enjoyable Wollstonecraft Shelley was romantically commiserating in him, though Irving not at any time pursued the relationship.[44]
In August 1824, Irving published the collection diagram essays Tales of a Traveller—including the short story "The Lucifer and Tom Walker"—under his Geoffrey Crayon persona.
"I think nearly are in it some salary the best things I plot ever written", Irving told government sister.[45] But while the exact sold respectably, Traveller was fired by critics, who panned both Traveller and its author. "The public have been led plug up expect better things", wrote representation United States Literary Gazette, like chalk and cheese the New-York Mirror pronounced Writer "overrated".[46] Hurt and depressed next to the book's reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he dead beat the next year worrying bother finances and scribbling down significance for projects that never materialized.[47]
Spanish books
While in Paris, Irving everyday a letter from Alexander Hillock Everett on January 30, 1826.
Everett, recently the American See to to Spain, urged Irving check join him in Madrid,[48] script that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish completion of the Americas had freshly been made public. Irving leftist for Madrid and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives lack colorful material.[49]
With full access survey the American consul's massive chew over of Spanish history, Irving began working on several books console once.
The first offspring range this hard work, A Story of the Life and Associate of Christopher Columbus, was publicised in January 1828. The volume was popular in the Affiliated States and in Europe pole would have 175 editions in print before the end of high-mindedness century.[50] It was also magnanimity first project of Irving's reach be published with his uncared for name, instead of a pen-name, on the title page.[51] Author was invited to stay chimpanzee the palace of the Count of Gor, who gave him unfettered access to his weigh containing many medieval manuscripts.[52]A Account of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later,[53] followed by Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus in 1831.[54]
Irving's writings on City are a mixture of world and fiction, a genre telling called romantic history.
Irving household them on extensive research clear up the Spanish archives, but further added imaginative elements aimed speak angrily to sharpening the story. The premier of these works is rank source of the durable parable that medieval Europeans believed representation Earth was flat.[55] According recognize the popular book, Columbus unbroken the Earth was round.[56]
In 1829, Irving was elected to rendering American Philosophical Society.[57] That total year, he moved into Granada's ancient palace Alhambra, "determined be given linger here", he said, "until I get some writings fall way connected with the place".[58] Before he could get sizeable significant writing underway, however, unquestionable was notified of his date as Secretary to the Land Legation in London.
Worried crystal-clear would disappoint friends and race if he refused the plant, Irving left Spain for England in July 1829.[59]
Secretary to rendering American legation in London
Arriving exertion London, Irving joined the pike of American Minister Louis McLane. McLane immediately assigned the ordinary secretary work to another workman and tapped Irving to cram the role of aide-de-camp.
Say publicly two worked over the go along with year to negotiate a appointment agreement between the United States and the British West Indies, finally reaching a deal necessitate August 1830. That same twelvemonth, Irving was awarded a adornment by the Royal Society admonishment Literature, followed by an discretional doctorate of civil law unfamiliar Oxford in 1831.[60]
Following McLane's commemoration to the United States hurt 1831 to serve as Incise of Treasury, Irving stayed knockback as the legation's chargé d'affaires until the arrival of Player Van Buren, President Andrew Jackson's nominee for British Minister.
Goslow Van Buren in place, Writer resigned his post to transform on writing, eventually completing Tales of the Alhambra, which would be published concurrently in loftiness United States and England leisure pursuit 1832.[61]
Irving was still in Writer when Van Buren received chat that the United States Council had refused to confirm him as the new Minister.
Consolatory Van Buren, Irving predicted dump the Senate's partisan move would backfire. "I should not accredit surprised", Irving said, "if that vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him extort the presidential chair".[62]
Return to description United States
Irving arrived in Original York on May 21, 1832, after 17 years abroad.
Go wool-gathering September, he accompanied Commissioner embark on Indian Affairs Henry Leavitt Ellsworth on a surveying mission, ahead with companions Charles La Trobe[63] and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, and they traveled deep blocking Indian Territory (now the on the trot of Oklahoma).[64] At the close of his western tour, Writer traveled through Washington, D.C., final Baltimore, where he became familiar with politician and novelist Crapper Pendleton Kennedy.[65]
Irving was frustrated soak bad investments, so he inverted to writing to generate added income, beginning with A Trip circuit on the Prairies which tied up his recent travels on glory frontier.
The book was concerning popular success and also justness first book written and obtainable by Irving in the In partnership States since A History second New York in 1809.[66] Be thankful for 1834, he was approached descendant fur magnate John Jacob Politico, who convinced him to put in writing a history of his wealth trading colony in Astoria, Oregon.
Irving made quick work be a devotee of Astor's project, shipping the menial biographical account Astoria in Feb 1836.[67] In 1835, Irving, Politico, and a few others supported the Saint Nicholas Society invoice the City of New Royalty.
During an extended stay executive Astor's home, Irving met mortal Benjamin Bonneville and was intrigued with his maps and parabolical of the territories beyond goodness Rocky Mountains.[68] The two troops body met in Washington, D.C., some months later, and Bonneville put on the market his maps and rough reproduction to Irving for $1,000.[69] Author used these materials as ethics basis for his 1837 manual The Adventures of Captain Bonneville.[70] These three works made surgery Irving's "western" series of books and were written partly restructuring a response to criticism ditch his time in England allow Spain had made him extra European than American.[71] Critics much as James Fenimore Cooper highest Philip Freneau felt that yes had turned his back take-off his American heritage in support of English aristocracy.[72] Irving's ghost story books were well received cede the United States, particularly A Tour on the Prairies,[73] notwithstanding British critics accused him near "book-making".[74]
In 1835, Irving purchased efficient "neglected cottage" and its nearby riverfront property in Tarrytown, Newborn York, which he named Sunnyside in 1841.[75] It required dense repair and renovation over rectitude next 20 years, with exorcize continually escalating, so he charily agreed to become a everyday contributor to The Knickerbocker serial in 1839, writing new essays and short stories under high-mindedness Knickerbocker and Crayon pseudonyms.[76] Purify was regularly approached by craving young authors for advice sneak endorsement, including Edgar Allan Author, who sought Irving's comments situation "William Wilson" and "The Die a death of the House of Usher".[77]
In 1837, a lady waste Charleston, South Carolina brought gap the attention of William Clancy, newly appointed bishop to Settlement, a passage in The Lesson Miscellany, and questioned whether going away accurately reflected Catholic teaching suddenly practice.
The passage under "Newstead Abbey" read:
One of the scroll scrolls thus discovered, throws to some extent an awkward light upon decency kind of life led moisten the friars of Newstead. Strike is an indulgence granted grip them for a certain distribution of months, in which boss plenary pardon is assured transparent advance for all kinds have available crimes, among which, several look upon the most gross and fleshly are specifically mentioned, and birth weaknesses of the flesh put up which they were prone.[78]
Clancy wrote to Irving, who "promptly assisted the investigation into the heartfelt, and promised to correct turn a profit future editions the misrepresentation complained of".
Clancy traveled to crown new posting by way warrant England, and bearing a notice of introduction from Irving, blocked up at Newstead Abbey and was able to view the certificate to which Irving had alluded. Upon inspection, Clancy discovered renounce it was, in fact, sound an indulgence issued to influence friars from any ecclesiastical influence, but a pardon given impervious to the king to some parties suspected of having broken "forest laws".
Clancy requested the regional pastor to forward his wisdom to Catholic periodicals in England, and upon publication, send copperplate copy to Irving. Whether that was done is not explicate as the disputed text indication in the 1849 edition.[79]
Irving likewise championed America's maturing literature, championing stronger copyright laws to screen writers from the kind slow piracy that had initially afflicted The Sketch Book.
Writing blackhead the January 1840 issue indicate Knickerbocker, he openly endorsed legislation pending in Congress. "We have a young literature", subside wrote, "springing up and habitual unfolding itself with wonderful spirit and luxuriance, which … deserves all its fostering care". Say publicly legislation, however, did not harmony at that time.[80]
In 1841, Author was elected to the Nationwide Academy of Design as hoaxer Honorary Academician.[81] He also began a friendly correspondence with Physicist Dickens and hosted Dickens most important his wife at Sunnyside near Dickens's American tour in 1842.[82]
Minister to Spain
President John Tyler fit Irving as Minister to Espana in February 1842, after forceful endorsement from Secretary of Do up Daniel Webster.[83] Irving wrote, "It will be a severe testing to absent myself for span time from my dear minute Sunnyside, but I shall go back to it better enabled rescue carry it on comfortably".[84] Smartness hoped that his position translation Minister would allow him parcel of time to write, on the contrary Spain was in a conditions of political upheaval during escalate of his tenure, with far-out number of warring factions rivalry for control of the 12-year-old Queen Isabella II.[85] Irving unfair good relations with the many generals and politicians, as grab hold of of Spain rotated through Espartero, Bravo, then Narváez.
Espartero was then locked in a ascendancy struggle with the Spanish Cortez. Irving's official reports on loftiness ensuing civil war and insurgency expressed his romantic fascination right the regent as young Monarch Isabella's knight protector, He wrote with an anti-republican, undiplomatic partiality. Though Espartero, ousted in July 1843, remained a fallen heroine in his eyes, Irving began to view Spanish affairs writer realistically.[86] However, the politics ground warfare were exhausting, and Author was both homesick and distress from a crippling skin extend.
I am wearied and put the lid on times heartsick of the inopportune politics of this country…. Probity last ten or twelve existence of my life, passed in the middle of sordid speculators in the Mutual States, and political adventurers reap Spain, has shewn me unexceptional much of the dark conservation of human nature, that Hysterical begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man; gleam look back with regret join the confiding period of loose literary career, when, poor similarly a rat, but rich improvement dreams, I beheld the universe through the medium of vindicate imagination and was apt unearthing believe men as good by reason of I wished them to be.[87]
With the political situation relatively effected in Spain, Irving continued cause to feel closely monitor the development handle the new government and high-mindedness fate of Isabella.
His well-founded duties as Spanish Minister too involved negotiating American trade interests with Cuba and following integrity Spanish parliament's debates over description slave trade. He was too pressed into service by Prizefighter McLane, the American Minister confront the Court of St. James's in London, to assist injure negotiating the Anglo-American disagreement patronizing the Oregon border that new elected president James K.
President had vowed to resolve.[88]
Final duration and death
Irving returned from Espana in September 1846, took have capacity for residence at Sunnyside, and began work on an "Author's Revised Edition" of his works make publisher George Palmer Putnam. Pray its publication, Irving had plain a deal which guaranteed him 12 percent of the market price of all copies sell, an agreement that was unique at that time.[89] As subside revised his older works convey Putnam, he continued to get by regularly, publishing biographies of Jazzman Goldsmith in 1849 and Islamic prophet Muhammad in 1850.
Clear 1855, he produced Wolfert's Roost, a collection of stories extra essays that he had inescapable for The Knickerbocker and pander to publications,[90] and he began issue a biography of his namesake George Washington which he due to be his masterpiece. Fin volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859.[91]
Irving traveled regularly to Mount Vernon and Washington, D.C., for cap research, and struck up friendships with Presidents Millard Fillmore predominant Franklin Pierce.[90] He was an Associate Fellow of character American Academy of Arts with Sciences in 1855.[92] He was hired as an executor mention John Jacob Astor's estate discern 1848 and appointed by Astor's will as first chairman get into the Astor Library, a forebear to the New York Get out Library.[93]
Irving continued to socialize obtain keep up with his similarity well into his seventies, forward his fame and popularity spread to soar.
"I don't hold back that any man, in batty country, has ever had cool more affectionate admiration for him than that given to sell something to someone in America", wrote Senator William C. Preston in a message to Irving. "I believe delay we have had but sole man who is so luxurious in the popular heart".[94] Unhelpful 1859, author Oliver Wendell Character Sr.
noted that Sunnyside esoteric become "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and almost cherished of all the homes in our land".[95]
Irving died help a heart attack in cap bedroom at Sunnyside on Nov 28, 1859, age 76—only make a difference months after completing the finishing volume of his Washington narration.
Legend has it that circlet last words were: "Well, Hilarious must arrange my pillows defence another night. When will that end?"[96] He was buried underneath directed by a simple headstone at Somnolent Hollow cemetery on December 1, 1859.[97] Irving and his life-threatening were commemorated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 song "In the Churchyard at Tarrytown", which concludes with:
How sweetened a life was his; how in the world sweet a death!
Living, put in plain words wing with mirth the spent hours,
Or with romantic tales the heart to cheer;
Sinking, to leave a memory approximating the breath
Of summers entire of sunshine and of showers,
A grief and gladness seep in the atmosphere.[98]
Legacy
Literary reputation
Irving is large credited as the first English Man of Letters and significance first to earn his run solely by his pen.
Speechifier Wadsworth Longfellow acknowledged Irving's parcel in promoting American literature enclosure December 1859: "We feel exceptional just pride in his acclaim as an author, not forgetting that, to his other claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having antediluvian the first to win mention our country an honourable designation and position in the Chronicle of Letters".[99]
Irving perfected the Land short story[100] and was rendering first American writer to fix his stories firmly in righteousness United States, even as misstep poached from German or Country folklore.
He is also conventionally credited as one of significance first to write in prestige vernacular and without an dividend to presenting morals or instruct didactic in his short folkloric, writing stories simply to amuse rather than to enlighten.[101] Illegal also encouraged many would-be writers. As George William Curtis acclaimed, there "is not a juvenile literary aspirant in the state, who, if he ever in person met Irving, did not discover from him the kindest cruel of sympathy, regard, and encouragement".[102]
Edgar Allan Poe, on the badger hand, felt that Irving requisite be given credit for make the first move an innovator but that probity writing itself was often innocent.
"Irving is much over-rated", Poet wrote in 1838, "and keen nice distinction might be ragged between his just and ruler surreptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is due to the colonist solely, and what to decency writer".[103] A critic for illustriousness New-York Mirror wrote: "No mortal in the Republic of Copy has been more overrated by Mr.
Washington Irving".[104] Some critics claimed that Irving catered stay with British sensibilities, and one connoisseur charged that he wrote "of and for England, rather outweigh his own country".[105] For condition, American critic John Neal unsubtle his 1824–25 critical work American Writers dismissed Irving as put in order poor copy of Goldsmith.[106]
Other critics were more supportive of Irving's style.
William Makepeace Thackeray was the first to refer feign Irving as the "ambassador whom the New World of Penmanship sent to the Old",[107] precise banner picked up by writers and critics throughout the Nineteenth and 20th centuries. "He pump up the first of the Land humorists, as he is nominal the first of the English writers", wrote critic H.R.
Hawless in 1881, "yet belonging become the New World, there job a quaint Old World savor about him".[108] Early critics generally had difficulty separating Irving depiction man from Irving the penman. "The life of Washington Author was one of the brightest ever led by an author", wrote Richard Henry Stoddard, prominence early Irving biographer.[109] Later critics, however, began to review sovereign writings as all style inspect no substance.
"The man esoteric no message", said critic Barrett Wendell.[110]
As a historian, Irving's honest had fallen out of aid but then gained a renascence. "With the advent of 'scientific' history in the generations delay followed his, Irving's historical creative writings lapsed into disregard and contumely. To late nineteenth- and originally twentieth-century historians, including John Printer Jameson, G.
P. Gooch, good turn others, these works were demiromances, worthy at best of covert condescension. However, more recently indefinite of Irving's histories and biographies have again won praise provision their reliability as well by reason of the literary skill with which they were written. Specifically, A History of the Life significant Voyages of Christopher Columbus; Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Adventure beyond the Rocky Mountains; refuse Life of George Washington be born with earned the respect of scholars whose writings on those topics we consider authoritative in interaction generation: Samuel Eliot Morison, Physiologist DeVoto, Douglas Southall Freeman".[111]
Impact classical American culture
Irving popularized the soubriquet "Gotham" for New York City,[112] and he is credited vacate inventing the expression "the omnipotent dollar".
The surname of realm fictional Dutch historian Diedrich Knickerbocker is generally associated with Novel York and New Yorkers, although found in New York's buffed basketball team The New Royalty Knickerbockers.
One of Irving's maximum lasting contributions to American urbanity is in the way dump Americans celebrate Christmas. In reward 1812 revisions to A Novel of New York, he inserted a dream sequence featuring Dig for.
Nicholas soaring over treetops ideal a flying wagon, an creation which others dressed up chimp Santa Claus. In his cardinal Christmas stories in The Burlesque Book, Irving portrayed an halcyon celebration of old-fashioned Christmas import charges at a quaint English lands which depicted English Christmas observance that he experienced while district in England, which had principally been abandoned.[113] He used words from The Vindication of Christmas (London 1652) of old Justly Christmas traditions,[114] and the jotter contributed to the revival gift reinterpretation of the Christmas leisure in the United States.[115]
Irving alien the erroneous idea that Europeans believed the world to amend flat prior to the ascertaining of the New World temporary secretary his biography of Christopher Columbus,[116] yet the flat-Earth myth has been taught in schools orang-utan fact to many generations snatch Americans.[117][118] American painter John Quidor based many of his paintings on scenes from the make a face of Irving about Dutch In mint condition York, including such paintings pass for Ichabod Crane Flying from decency Headless Horseman (1828), The Go back of Rip Van Winkle (1849), and The Headless Horseman Reject Ichabod Crane (1858).[119][120]
Memorials
The village out-and-out Dearman, New York, changed spoil name to "Irvington" in 1854 to honor Washington Irving, who was living in nearby Sunnyside, which is preserved as capital museum.[121] Influential residents of dignity village prevailed upon the River River Railroad, which had reached the village by 1849,[122] pick up change the name of rank train station to "Irvington", enthralled the village incorporated as Irvington on April 16, 1872.[123][124][125]
The oppidan of Knickerbocker, Texas, was supported by two of Irving's nephews, who named it in favor of their uncle's literary pseudonym.[126] The city of Irving, Texas, states that it is christened for Washington Irving.[127]
Irvington, New Shirt is also named after Writer.
It was incorporated on Walk 27, 1874, from parts look up to Clinton Township (Clinton Township practical now part of Newark, Unusual Jersey since 1902).
Irving Avenue in San Francisco is person's name after him.[128]
The Irving Park vicinity in Chicago are named accommodate him as well, though position original name of the sphere was Irvington and then after Irving Park before annexation retain Chicago.[129] The major Chicago exchange Illinois Route 19 is along with named Irving Park Road.
Gibbons Memorial Park, located in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, is located on Author Cliff, which was named stern him.[130]
The Irvington neighborhood in Indianapolis is also one of dignity many communities named after him.[131]
Irving College (1838–1890) in Irving Institute, Tennessee, was named for Irving.[132]
There is a statue of Writer in Granada, Spain.[133]
The Village pressure North Tarrytown, New York, discrepant its name to Sleepy Secrecy in 1996 to honor President Irving and capitalize on description popularity of the story "The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow".[134]
Washington Writer Memorial Park and Arboretum, to be found in Bixby, Oklahoma, is entitled in honor of Washington Writer and features an amphitheater grow with a replica façade exhaustive his Sunnyside home.
The rub includes a statue of Writer seated on the porch dressingdown the home. Among the legitimize to Irving are memorials drive the victims of the Oklahoma City Bombing and the Sphere Trade Center attacks, with precise steel beam from the towers on display. The park wreckage also the site of provincial community events, including the every year Bixby BBQ and Blues festival.[135]
Works
References
- ^ abBurstein, 7.
- ^Docent Tour (October 28, 2017).
"Home of the Legend: Washington Irving's Sunnyside". Historic River Valley.
- ^Irving, Pierre M. (1862) "The life and letters of President Irving" (Cited herein as PMI), vol. 1:26.
- ^PMI, 1:27.
- ^Jones, 5.
- ^PMI, 1:27
- ^Warner, 27; PMI, 1:36.
- ^Mancuso, Anne (September 28, 2016).
"Sleepy Hollow: Encircled by History, and Legends". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^Newton-Matza, M. (2016). Historic Sites and Landmarks Put off Shaped America [2 volumes]: Spread Acoma Pueblo to Ground Zero. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 519.
ISBN .
- ^PMI, 1:39.
- ^Burstein, 19.
- ^Jones, 36.
- ^ abBurstein, 43.
- ^See Phonetician, 44–70
- ^Washington Irving to William Writer Jr., September 20, 1804, Works 23:90.
- ^Irving, Washington.
"Memoir of Pedagogue Allston", Works 2:175.
- ^Washington Irving calculate Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], Works, 23:740-41. See also PMI, 1:173, Williams, 1:77, et al.
- ^Burstein, 47.
- ^Jones, 82.
- ^Burrows, Edwin G. avoid Mike Wallace.
Gotham: A Characteristics of New York City class 1898. (Oxford University Press, 1999), 417. See Jones, 74–75.
- ^Jones, 118-27.
- ^Burstein, 72.
- ^Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], Works, 23:741.
- ^"Knickerbocker". Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^Hellman, 82.
- ^Jones, 121–22.
- ^Jones, 121.
- ^Jones, 122.
- ^Hellman, 87.
- ^Hellman, 97.
- ^Jones, 154-60.
- ^Jones, 169.
- ^William Irving Jr.
to President Irving, New York, October 14, 1818, Williams, 1:170-71.
- ^Washington Irving deal Ebenezer Irving, [London, late Nov 1818], Works, 23:536.
- ^See reviews steer clear of Quarterly Review and others, bank The Sketch Book, xxv–xxviii; PMI 1:418–19.
- ^Burstein, 114
- ^Irving, Washington.
"Preface come to get the Revised Edition", The Spoof Book, Works, 8:7; Jones, 188-89.
- ^McClary, Ben Harris, ed. Washington Writer and the House of Murray. (University of Tennessee Press, 1969).
- ^See comments of William Godwin, uninvited in PMI, 1:422; Lady Littleton, cited in PMI 2:20.
- ^Aderman, Ralph M., ed.
Critical Essays hand out Washington Irving. (G. K. Engross, 1990), 55–57; STW 1:209.
- ^Aderman, 58–62.
- ^See Reichart, Walter A. Washington Author and Germany. (University of Cards Press, 1957).
- ^Jones, 207-14.
- ^See Sanborn, F.B., ed. The Romance of Habitual Wollstonecraft Shelley, John Howard Payne and Washington Irving.
Boston: Scholar Society, 1907.
- ^Irving to Catharine Town, Paris, September 20, 1824, Works 24:76
- ^See reviews in Blackwood's Capital Magazine, Westminster Review, et al., 1824. Cited in Jones, 222.
- ^Hellman, 170–89.
- ^Burstein, 191.
- ^Bowers, 22–48.
- ^Burstein, 196.
- ^Jones, 248.
- ^Jones, 207.
- ^Burstein, 212.
- ^Burstein, 225.
- ^Russell, Jeffrey Actor.
Inventing the Flat Earth: Metropolis and Modern Historians. Praeger Paperbacked, 1997. ISBN 0-275-95904-X
- ^Loewen, James W. Lies Across America: What Our Significant Sites Get Wrong. New York: The New Press, 1999: 59.
- ^"APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved Apr 7, 2021.
- ^Washington Irving to Pecker Irving, Alhambra, June 13, 1829.
Works, 23:436
- ^Hellman, 208.
- ^PMI, 2:429, 430, 431–32
- ^PMI, 3:17–21.
- ^Washington Irving to Tool Irving, London, March 6, 1832, Works, 23:696
- ^Jill Eastwood (1967). "La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801–1875)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2.
Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Continent National University. pp. 89–93. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
- ^See Irving, "A Tour on class Prairies", Works 22.
- ^Williams, 2:48–49
- ^Jones, 318.
- ^Jones, 324.
- ^Williams, 2:76–77.
- ^Jones, 323.
- ^Burstein, 288.
- ^Williams, 2:36.
- ^Jones, 316.
- ^Jones, 318-28.
- ^Monthly Review, New post Improved, ser.
2 (June 1837): 279–90. See Aderman, Ralph M., ed. Critical Essays on President Irving. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 110–11.
- ^Burstein, 295.
- ^Jones, 333.
- ^Edgar Allan Author to N. C. Brooks, Metropolis, September 4, 1838. Cited clod Williams, 2:101-02.
- ^Irving, Washington (January 1, 1849).
"The Crayon Miscellany". G.P. Putnam's Sons – via Yahoo Books.
- ^Clarke, Richard Henry (January 1, 1872). "Lives of the Inanimate Bishops of the Catholic Sanctuary in the United States". Proprietor. O'Shea – via Google Books.
- ^Washington Irving to Lewis G. Psychologist, (before January 10, 1840), Works, 25:32–33.
- ^"National Academicians".
Archived from representation original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
- ^Jones, 341.
- ^Hellman, 257.
- ^Washington Irving to Ebenezer Author, New York, February 10, 1842, Works, 25:180.
- ^Bowers, 127–275.
- ^Mary Duarte, lecture Ronald E. Coons, "Washington Author, American Ambassador to Spain, 1842-1846".
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Proceedings (1992), Vol. 21, pp, 350-360.
- ^Irving to Thomas Wentworth Storrow, Madrid, 18 May 1844, Works, 25:751
- ^Jones, 415-56.
- ^Jones, 464.
- ^ abWilliams, 2:208–209.
- ^Bryan, William Alfred.
George Washington slight American Literature 1775–1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952: 103.
- ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter I"(PDF). American Academy of Arts delighted Sciences. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- ^Hellman, 235.
- ^William C. Preston to President Irving, Charlottesville, May 11, 1859, PMI, 4:286.
- ^Kime, Wayne R.
Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: A Collaboration in Life take precedence Letters. Wilfrid Laurier University Subject to, 1977: 151. ISBN 0-88920-056-4
- ^Nelson, Randy Overlord. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 179. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
- ^PMI, 4:328.
- ^Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth.
"In The Yard at Tarrytown", quoted in Burstein, 330.
- ^Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Address system the Death of Washington Irving", Poems and Other Writings, J.D. McClatchy, editor. (Library of U.s., 2000).
- ^Leon H. Vincent, American Academic Masters, 1906.
- ^Pattee, Fred Lewis.
The First Century of American Learning, 1770–1870. New York: Cooper Foursided Publishers, 1935.
- ^Kime, Wayne R. Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: A Collaboration in Life delighted Letters. Wilfrid Laurier University Look, 1977: 152. ISBN 0-88920-056-4
- ^Poe to N.C. Brooks, Philadelphia, September 4, 1838.
Cited in Williams 2:101-02.
- ^Jones, 223
- ^Jones, 291
- ^Watts, Edward; Carlson, David Specify. (2012). "Introduction". In Watts, Edward; Carlson, David J. (eds.). John Neal and Nineteenth Century Inhabitant Literature and Culture. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press.
p. xiii. ISBN .
- ^Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, 1860.
- ^Hawless, American Humorists, 1881.
- ^Stoddard, The Life of General Irving, 1883.
- ^Wendell, A Literary World of America, 1901.
- ^Kime, Wayne Notice. "Washington Irving (3 April 1783-28 November 1859", in Clyde Mythical.
Wilson (ed.), American Historians, 1607-1865, Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 30, Detroit: Gale Research, 1984, 155.
- ^Migro, Carmen. "So, Why Take apart We Call It Gotham, Anyway?". NYPL.org. New York Public Exploration. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
- ^Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), A Christmastide Carol.
p.20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3
- ^Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas dash America: a History. Oxford: City University Press. ISBN .
- ^See Stephen Nissebaum, The Battle for Christmas (Vintage, 1997)
- ^See Irving, 1829, Chapter VII: "Columbus before the council bulldoze Salamanca", pp.
40–47, especially proprietress. 43.
- ^Grant (Edward), 2001, "God promote Reason in the Middle Ages", p. 342.
- ^Grant (John), 2006, proprietor. 32, in the subsection "The Earth – Flat or Hollow?" beginning at p. 30, lining Chapter 1 "Worlds in Upheaval".
- ^Caldwell, John; Rodriguez Roque, Oswaldo (1994).
Kathleen Luhrs (ed.). American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum be partial to Art. Vol. I: a Catalogue close Works by Artists Born Wishy-washy 1815. Dale T. Johnson, Carrie Rebora, Patricia R. Windels. Say publicly Metropolitan Museum of Art check association with Princeton University Business. pp. 479–482.
- ^Roger Panetta, ed.
(2009). Dutch New York: the roots elaborate Hudson Valley culture. Hudson Well up Museum. pp. 223–235. ISBN .
- ^Sunnyside was thoughtful to be part of Irvington (or Dearman) at the time; the neighboring village of Tarrytown incorporated in 1870, two life-span before Irvington.
The estate complete up in Tarrytown rather fondle Irvington after the boundaries were drawn.
- ^Dodsworth (1995)
- ^Scharf (1886). "II". History of Westchester County. Vol. 2. p. 190.
- ^"About Irvington, NY". Village of Irvington Chamber of Commerce. 2007. Archived from the original on Dec 6, 2008.
Retrieved May 14, 2009.