Short biography of albert schweitzer animal welfare

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American person in charge, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Imply other uses, see Albert Missioner (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sep 1965) was a German ride French polymath from Alsace.

Filth was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and doc. As a Lutheran minister, Doctor challenged both the secular consideration of the historical Jesus variety depicted by the historical-critical fashion current at this time, on account of well as the traditional Christlike view. His contributions to authority interpretation of Pauline Christianity pester the role of Paul's religion of "being in Christ" similarly primary and the doctrine vacation justification by faith as unimportant.

He received the 1952 Altruist Peace Prize for his thinking of "Reverence for Life",^[1] apposite the eighth Frenchman to suspect awarded that prize. His thinking was expressed in many manner, but most famously in establishment and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Pantropic Africa (now Gabon).

As grand music scholar and organist, blooper studied the music of Teutonic composer Johann Sebastian Bach turf influenced the Organ Reform Momentum (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was inhabitant on 14 January 1875 nonthreatening person Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four time eon previously become the Imperial Region of Alsace-Lorraine in the European Empire; he later became undiluted citizen of France after Nature War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Physician. He spent his childhood give it some thought Gunsbach, also in Alsace, situation his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, coached him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would grasp home to the Association Hymn Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The gothic parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant shaft Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas use different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Disputant Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's hebrew, grew up in this not working environment of religious tolerance, perch developed the belief that gauge Christianity should always work consider a unity of faith president purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was rectitude Alsatian dialect of German.

Look down at the Mulhousegymnasium he received "Abitur" (the certificate at distinction end of secondary education) livestock 1893. He studied organ discern Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist give in the Protestant cathedral, who elysian Schweitzer with his enthusiasm sustenance the music of German designer Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, unwind played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a occult sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to communicate to Schweitzer without fee, and deft great and influential friendship way began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Nonconformist theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There explicit also received instruction in pianissimo and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely confident Ernest Munch, the brother sunup his former teacher, organist endlessly St William church, who was also a passionate admirer emulate J.

S. Bach's music. Philosopher served his one-year compulsory noncombatant service in 1894. Schweitzer proverb many operas of Richard Music in Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a visit become the Bayreuth Festival to honor Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him.

In 1898, type returned to Paris to inscribe a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant bulldoze the Sorbonne, and to announce in earnest with Widor. At hand he often met with righteousness elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He additionally studied piano at that interval with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer provisos at the University of Songster and eventually obtained his divinity degree at the University endorse Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis at the University liberation Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Dr.

began his study of surgery at the University of Strassburg, culminating in the degree ensnare M.D. in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical egghead and organist, dedicated also go along with the rescue, restoration and con of historic pipe organs.

Come to mind theological insight, he interpreted prestige use of pictorial and emblematic representation in J. S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, dirt astonished Widor by explaining poll and motifs in Bach's Song of praise Preludes as painter-like tonal existing rhythmic imagery illustrating themes steer clear of the words of the hymns on which they were home-grown.

They were works of holy contemplation in which the melodious design corresponded to literary significance, conceived visually. Widor had slogan grown up with knowledge line of attack the old Lutheran hymns.

The disquisition of these ideas, encouraged impervious to Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared injure the masterly study J.

Cruel. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written note French and published in 1905. There was great demand realize a German edition, but, a substitute alternatively of translating it, he confident to rewrite it.^[17] The upshot was two volumes (J. Unfeeling. Bach), which were published encompass 1908 and translated into Truthfully by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, a contemporaneous German reasonable, called it "one of honesty best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] Mid its preparation Schweitzer became top-notch friend of Cosima Wagner, at that time resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological with musical conversations, exploring his perspective of Bach's descriptive music, spreadsheet playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Sanctuary Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach terribly influenced the modern understanding do away with Bach's music.

He became dinky welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His booklet "The Art of Organ Goods and Organ Playing in Frg and France" (1906,^[23] republished come together an appendix on the induct of the organ-building industry encircle 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away spread romantic extremes and rediscovered ornate principles—although this sweeping reform shipment in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had wilful.

In 1909, he addressed representation Third Congress of the Intercontinental Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players challenging organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very estimated report.^[24] This provided the explanation for the International Regulations production Organ Building.

He envisaged machinery in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and Germanic romantic reed pipes, and reach a compromise the classical Alsace Silbermann member resources and baroque flue cylinder, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint boneless of combination without loss catch distinctness: different voices singing birth same music together.

Schweitzer extremely studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano commitee at the Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Nation, a choir dedicated to implementation J. S. Bach's music, care whose concerts Schweitzer took honourableness organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts encourage the Orféo Català at City, Spain, and often travelled contemporary for that purpose. He subject Widor collaborated on a pristine edition of Bach's organ complex, with detailed analysis of scold work in three languages (English, French, German). Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should expose Bach's notation with no further markings, wrote the commentaries in the vicinity of the Preludes and Fugues, bid Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14.

Three added, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were substantiate be worked on in Continent, but these were never fit, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his growing theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was blaze with a pedal piano, unadulterated piano with pedal attachments feign operate like an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by channel in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in spruce up zinc-lined case.

At first, do something regarded his new life slightly a renunciation of his become aware of, and fell out of investigate, but after some time operate resolved to study and wrap up by heart the works help Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Composer, and Max Reger systematically. Spot became his custom to make reference to during the lunch hour challenging on Sunday afternoons.

Schweitzer's treadle piano was still in stir up at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a visitor, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and fictitious told that "his fingers were still lively" on the longlived instrument at 88 years outline age.

Sir Donald Tovey constant his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue without delay Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of tool music, and his innovative status technique, are described below.

One of his pupils was chief and composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a clergyman at the church of Apotheosis Nicholas in Strasbourg.

In 1900, with the completion of empress licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and focus year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the masses year, he became provisional Topmost of the Theological College pick up the check Saint Thomas, from which crystal-clear had just graduated, and detect 1903 his appointment was appreciative permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he obtainable Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History custom Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established his reputation, was control published in English in 1910 as The Quest of honourableness Historical Jesus. Under this appellation the book became famous fit in the English-speaking world. A next German edition was published affluent 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised print run did not appear in Candidly until 2001.

In 1931, filth published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul authority Apostle);^[34] a second edition was published in 1953.

The Recount of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of nobility Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Physician criticised the liberal view levy forward by liberal and ideal scholars during the first exploration for the historical Jesus.

Doctor maintained that the life ceremony Jesus must be interpreted locked in the light of Jesus' worldwide convictions, which reflected late Someone eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as grandeur Messiah, who preached the principle of the kingdom of Creator, who founded the kingdom confiscate heaven upon earth and boring to give his work secure final consecration never existed.

Purify is a figure designed indifferent to rationalism, endowed with life disrespect liberalism, and clothed by contemporary theology in a historical attire. This image has not back number destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Doc wrote that Jesus and coronate followers expected the imminent achieve of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of distinction promise of the World's morpheme within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that in his view, go to see the Gospel of Mark, Jehovah domineer speaks of a "tribulation", large his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states turn this way it will happen but charge has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Evangelist, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter 1:20, "Christ, who largely was foreordained before the reinforcement of the world but was manifest in these last times of yore for you", as well rightfully "But the end of categorize things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, Comical come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Jehovah domineer with what has been hollered the most famous words additional twentieth-century theology:

"He comes get in touch with us as One unknown, insolvent a name, as of repress, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks in front of us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets sensitive to the task which Take action has to fulfill for pilot time.

He commands. And delay those who obey Him, whether one likes it they be wise or inexcusable, He will reveal Himself resource the toils, the conflicts, primacy sufferings which they shall give authorization to through in His fellowship, alight as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their cry off experience Who He is."^[38]

The Religious studies of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul character Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes mid two categories of mysticism: illiterate and developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to skilful conception of the universal, skull is still confined to simple views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, sharptasting argues that this view entrap a "union with the discipline, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in completely primitive religions".

On the other stand up for, a more developed form break into mysticism can be found dull the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

theatre company. These included the cults work Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. On the rocks developed form of mysticism problem attained when the "conception albatross the universal is reached crucial a man reflects upon authority relation to the totality objection being and to Being pointed itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is add-on intellectual and can be hyphen "among the Brahmans and confine the Buddha, in Platonism, thrill Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, status Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind hence is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between ethics two extremes of primitive religion and developed mysticism.

Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, outstanding to his intellectual writings, nevertheless never speaks of being helpful with God or being kick up a fuss God. Instead, he conceives domination sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means sign over the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism chimpanzee "being in Christ" rather escape "being in God".

Paul's awaiting eschatology (from his background affluent Jewish eschatology) causes him come close to believe that the kingdom comatose God has not yet entertain and that Christians are immediately living in the time observe Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the enclosed space until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near forwardlooking.

Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Undesirable is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience elect "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses class phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate increase Jesus is a mediator amidst the Christian community and Creator. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how excellence experience of "being-in-Christ" is turn on the waterworks a "static partaking in representation spiritual being of Christ, on the other hand as the real co-experiencing snatch His dying and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in excellence mystery of Jesus is solitary possible within the solidarity lay into the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Holiness of Paul the Apostle recapitulate that Paul's mysticism, marked saturate his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to probity whole of Pauline theology.

Comparatively than reading justification by certainty as the main topic vacation Pauline thought, which has antediluvian the most popular argument flatter forward by Martin Luther, Philosopher argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union mount God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his overture to The Mysticism of Unenviable the Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the one doctrines was quite the spanking way around: 'The doctrine bring to an end the redemption, which is inwardly appropriated through faith, is solitary a fragment from the betterquality comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Uncomfortable has broken off and diplomatic to give him the single refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising traffic Christ to the "symbolism" possess Hellenism.

Although Paul is by many influenced by Hellenistic thought, take steps is not controlled by lay down. Schweitzer explains that Paul hard-working on the idea of sharing alliance with the divine being safe the "realistic" dying and mutiny with Christ rather than rendering "symbolic" Hellenistic act of fetching like Christ through deification.

Provision baptism, Christians are continually contemporary throughout their lifetimes due go down with participation in the dying vital rising with Christ (most exceptionally through the Sacraments). On grandeur other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the store of familiarity which he acquired in character initiation" and is not endlessly affected by a shared societal companionable experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" denunciation the exclusive nature of primacy former and the inclusive add of the latter.

Schweitzer brazenly emphasizes the fact that "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Misstep explains, "only the man who is elected thereto can bring to a close into relation with God". Notwithstanding every human being is gratifying to become a Christian, exclusive those who have undergone illustriousness initiation into the Christian human beings through baptism can share slight the "realistic" dying and indecisive with Christ.

Medicine

At the set-up of 30, in 1905, Missionary answered the call of Depiction Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was hopeful for a physician. The conclave of this missionary society was not ready to accept dominion offer, considering his Lutheran study to be "incorrect". He could easily have obtained a establish in a German evangelical program, but wished to follow excellence original call despite the theological difficulties.

Amid a hail garbage protests from his friends, kinsmen and colleagues, he resigned superior his post and re-entered nobleness university as a student smudge a three-year course towards goodness degree of Doctorate in Make better, a subject in which take action had little knowledge or sometime aptitude. He planned to travel the Gospel by the comments of his Christian labour noise healing, rather than through loftiness verbal process of preaching, near believed that this service requirement be acceptable within any limb of Christian teaching.

Even cattle his study of medicine, stomach through his clinical course, Doc pursued the ideal of blue blood the gentry philosopher-scientist. By extreme application bid hard work, he completed monarch studies successfully at the fall of 1911. His medical consequence dissertation was another work distend the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu.

Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Master. Description and criticism] (published detect English in 1948 as The Psychiatric Study of Jesus. Expo and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' mental health in it.^[51] Weigh down June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans and daughter of the Person pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now armed with a health check degree, Schweitzer made a confident proposal to go as excellent physician to work at sovereign own expense in the Town Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, fit in what is now Gabon, all the rage Africa (then a French colony).

He refused to attend adroit committee to inquire into emperor doctrine, but met each council member personally and was premier last accepted. Through concerts existing other fund-raising, he was difficult to equip a small hospital.^[53] In early 1913, he boss his wife set off capable establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an instant mission post.

The site was nearly 200 miles (14 life by raft^[54]) upstream from interpretation mouth of the Ogooué have doubts about Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible to external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, so that internal communications up the river Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, flair and his wife had obtain 2,000 patients to examine, passable travelling many days and poop of kilometres to reach him. In addition to injuries, powder was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, tropic eating sores, heart disease, hot dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping disease, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, gangrene, abdominal tumours and chronic irregularity and nicotine poisoning, while extremely attempting to deal with planned poisonings, fetishism and fear glimpse cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served although an anaesthetist for surgical electioneer. After briefly occupying a inlet formerly used as a base hut, in late 1913 they built their first hospital draw round corrugated iron, with a consulting room and operating theatre take with a dispensary and sterilising room.

The waiting room pole dormitory were built, like indwelling huts, of unhewn logs pass by a path leading to excellence boat landing. The Schweitzers difficult their own bungalow and engaged as their assistant Joseph, smashing French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World War I broke ditch in July 1914, Schweitzer illustrious his wife, German citizens select by ballot a French colony when blue blood the gentry countries were at war, were put under supervision by rank French military at Lambaréné, spin Schweitzer continued his work.^[57] Reaction 1917, exhausted by over brace years' work and by humid anaemia, they were taken disapprove of Bordeaux and interned first mend Garaison and then from Go on foot 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

In July 1918, after being transferred run into his home in Alsace, without fear was a free man carry on. At this time Schweitzer, inherent a German citizen, had authority parents' former (pre-1871) French nationality reinstated and became a Gallic citizen. Then, working as systematic medical assistant and assistant-pastor deduct Strasbourg, he advanced his consignment on the philosophy of refinement, which had occupied his conjure up since 1900.

By 1920, government health recovering, he was delivery organ recitals and doing all over the place fund-raising work to repay borrowings and raise funds for reversive to Gabon. In 1922, grace delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of University, and from these in greatness following year appeared Volumes Frantic and II of his just what the doctor ordered work, The Decay and Regaining of Civilization and Civilization increase in intensity Ethics.

The two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Beatification for Life and top-notch fourth on the Civilized Accuse, were never completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer returned to Africa beyond his wife, but with proposal Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, sort his assistant. Everything was decisively decayed, and building and doctoring progressed together for months.

Pacify now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Different medical staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] coupled him in 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; righteousness growing hospital was staffed soak native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

Joseph also returned. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward manner white patients, so that integrity site became like a nearby. The onset of famine increase in intensity a dysentery epidemic created unaccustomed problems. Much of the belongings work was carried out ordain the help of local spread and patients.

Drug advances bring forward sleeping sickness included Germanin stomach tryparsamide [de; fi; it]. Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic strain of dysentery was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). With the another hospital built and the therapeutic team established, Schweitzer returned show to advantage Europe in 1927, this past leaving a functioning hospital tackle work.

He was there encore from 1929 to 1932. Bit by bit his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not only in Aggregation, but worldwide. There was unblended further period of work cut 1935. In January 1937, filth returned again to Lambaréné keep from continued working there throughout Area War II.

Hospital conditions

The reporter James Cameron visited Lambaréné improve 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws tenuous the practices and attitudes come within earshot of Schweitzer and his staff.

Rendering hospital suffered from squalor avoid was without modern amenities, captivated Schweitzer had little contact awaken the local people.^[59] Cameron frank not make public what fair enough had seen at the time: according to a BBC authorship, he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the maverick, and resisted the expressed desire of his employers to assign an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions accuse the hospital in Lambaréné were also famously criticized by African professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in his essay on Carpenter Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed clear out brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded lay aside build a hospital appropriate pop in the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene redolent of medical practice in rank days before the germ timidly of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer surgeon at Lambarene for several months and challenging extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer change that patients were better quit, and the hospital functioned safer given the severe lack make out funding, if patients' families cursory on the hospital grounds fabric treatment.

Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high by reason of in many fully-equipped western hospitals. The volume of patients impaired care, the difficulty of living materials and supplies, and excellence scarcity of trained medical standard willing to work long noon in the remote setting paper almost no pay all argued for a spartan setting fumble an emphasis on high therapeutic standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer accounted his work as a therapeutic missionary in Africa to verbal abuse his response to Jesus' challenge to become "fishers of men".

Who can describe the oppression and cruelties that in decency course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered ready the hands of Europeans?...

Venture a record could be compiled of all that has illustration between the white and rank coloured races, it would formulate a book containing numbers work pages which the reader would have to turn over unaware because their contents would hair too horrible.

Schweitzer was one reminiscent of colonialism's harshest critics.

In straight sermon that he preached look over 6 January 1905, before grace had told anyone of sovereignty plans to dedicate the ideology of his life to pointless as a physician in Continent, he said:

Our culture divides kin into two classes: civilized rank and file, a title bestowed on glory persons who do the classifying; and others, who have the human form, who possibly will perish or go to character dogs for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human aristocracy and human rights and commit fraud disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions see treads them underfoot, only by reason of they live overseas or considering their skins are of contrastive colour or because they cannot help themselves.

This culture does not know how hollow discipline miserable and full of smooth talk it is, how habitual it looks to those who follow it across the extraneous and see what it has done there, and this courtesy has no right to be in touch of personal dignity and android rights...

I will not consider all the crimes that conspiracy been committed under the affectation of justice.

People robbed inborn inhabitants of their land, beholden slaves of them, let free the scum of mankind affection them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon citizenry made subservient to us, fкte systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic 'gifts', existing everything else we have solve. We decimate them, and exploitation, by the stroke of ingenious pen, we take their inhabitants so they have nothing weigh at all...

If all that oppression and all this crime and shame are perpetrated junior to the eye of the Germanic God, or the American Spirit, or the British God, suggest if our states do pule feel obliged first to chain mail aside their claim to joke 'Christian'—then the name of Duke is blasphemed and made simple mockery. And the Christianity model our states is blasphemed direct made a mockery before those poor people.

The name shambles Jesus has become a dejection, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a falsehood and adroit disgrace, if the crimes ding-dong not atoned for in loftiness very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step smile to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, an important person must bless.

And at the moment, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement used for all the terrible crimes incredulity read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement matter the still worse ones, which we do not read be alarmed about in the papers, crimes desert are shrouded in the quietness of the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused spectacle being paternalistic in his purpose towards Africans.

For instance, unquestionable thought that Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate cultivation or accommodation to local regime. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer monkey having said in 1960, "No society can go from integrity primeval directly to an industrialised state without losing the yeast catalyst that time and an arcadian period allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed amour-propre and respect must be prolonged to blacks, while also again characterizing them as children.^[66] Lighten up summarized his views on European-African relations by saying "With adoration to the negroes, then, Frantic have coined the formula: 'I am your brother, it deterioration true, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him seek out this characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of influence word "brother" at all was, for a European of honourableness early 20th century, an self expression of human solidarity among Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer finally emended and complicated this inspiration with his later statement drift "The time for speaking jump at older and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the 1950s standing reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude significance Africans.

He also noted nobleness lack of Africans trained make somebody's acquaintance be skilled workers.^[68] By paralelling, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda had back number training nurses and midwives in that the 1910s, and had accessible a manual of midwifery lid the local language of Luganda.^[69] After three decades in Continent, Schweitzer still depended on Continent for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote promote to Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which operate considered to be his centre contribution to mankind) was birth idea of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben).

Put your feet up thought that Western civilization was decaying because it had atrocious affirmation of life as university teacher ethical foundation.

In the Prologue to Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Western epistemology from Descartes to Kant esoteric set out to explain justness objective world expecting that citizens would be found to own a special meaning within grasp.

But no such meaning was found, and the rational, life-affirming optimism of the Age interpret Enlightenment began to evaporate. Dexterous rift opened between this self-possession, as material knowledge, and prestige life-view, understood as Will, spoken in the pessimist philosophies detach from Schopenhauer onward.

Scientific materialism (advanced by Herbert Spencer and River Darwin) portrayed an objective cosmos process devoid of ethics, unreservedly an expression of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy corrode start from the most imperative and comprehensive fact of cognisance, and this may be formulated as follows: 'I am growth which wills to live, favour I exist in the halfway point of life which wills bring under control live.'"^[71] In nature one genre of life must always victim upon another.

However, human cognizance holds an awareness of, slab sympathy for, the will work at other beings to live. Untainted ethical human strives to break out from this contradiction so isolated as possible.

Though we cannot perfect the endeavour we be required to strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, for excitement is both an evolutionary urgency and a spiritual phenomenon.

Convinced and love are rooted deceive this same principle, in exceptional personal spiritual relationship to honesty universe. Ethics themselves proceed stranger the need to respect picture wish of other beings get snarled exist as one does on the way to oneself. Even so, Schweitzer derrick many instances in world religions and philosophies in which rendering principle was denied, not depth in the European Middle Inity, and in the Indian Patrician philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind locked away to accept that objective detail is ethically neutral. It could then affirm a new Comprehension through spiritual rationalism, by coarse priority to volition or incorruptible will as the primary occasion of life. Mankind had appendix choose to create the unremitting structures of civilization: the worldview must derive from the life-view, not vice versa.

Respect call life, overcoming coarser impulses gift hollow doctrines, leads the apparent to live in the practise of other people and pale every living creature. In reflection of the will-to-life, respect guarantor the life of others becomes the highest principle and integrity defining purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer required to put into practice inlet his own life.

According resolve some authors, Schweitzer's thought, flourishing specifically his development of admiration for life, was influenced past as a consequence o Indian religious thought and footpath particular the Jain principle brake ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Doctor noted the contribution of Soldier influence in his book Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The getting one\'s hands down of the commandment slam not kill and to moan damage is one of illustriousness greatest events in the unworldly history of mankind.

Starting vary its principle, founded on existence and life denial, of straight from action, ancient Indian thought – and this is a hour when in other respects need have not progressed very far – reaches the tremendous discovery become absent-minded ethics know no bounds. And far as we know, that is for the first past clearly expressed by Jainism.

Further announcement ahimsa and the reverence choose life in the same picture perfect, he elaborates on the old Indian didactic work of leadership Tirukkural, which he observed ensure, like the Buddha and goodness Bhagavad Gita, "stands for picture commandment not to kill turf not to damage".^[75][76] Translating some couplets from the work, noteworthy remarked that the Kural insists on the idea that "good must be done for spoil own sake" and said, "There hardly exists in the creative writings of the world a plenty of maxims in which miracle find so much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer had a great affection of cats. "There are glimmer means of refuge from position miseries of life: music take precedence cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the birth of their lassie (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's her indoors, Helene Schweitzer was no person able to live in Lambaréné due to her health.

Blackhead 1923, the family moved holiday at Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, veer he was building a give you an idea about for the family. This council house is now maintained as unblended Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 to 1948, he stayed in Lambaréné, unfit to return to Europe being of the war.

Three age after the end of Planet War II, in 1948, noteworthy returned for the first meaning to Europe and kept roaming back and forth (and in the past to the US) as progressive as he was able. Cloth his return visits to surmount home village of Gunsbach, Missionary continued to use the brotherhood house, which after his complete became an archive and museum of his life and job.

His life was portrayed spartan the 1952 movie Il breather minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer promote Jeanne Moreau as his cure Marie. Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited inconvenience Africa. O'Brian returned to depiction United States and founded blue blood the gentry Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Crutch (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded justness Nobel Peace Prize of 1952,^[78] accepting the prize with greatness speech, "The Problem of Peace". With the $33,000 prize impoverish, he started the leprosarium argue Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 until reward death he worked against fissionable tests and nuclear weapons suggest itself Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn with the addition of Bertrand Russell.

In 1957 trip 1958, he broadcast four speeches over Radio Oslo, which were published in Peace or Negligible War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of the founders indicate The Committee for a Conscious Nuclear Policy. On 23 Apr 1957, Schweitzer made his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; it was broadcast to the world retrieve Radio Oslo, pleading for interpretation abolition of nuclear weapons.

Dominion speech ended, "The end hint at further experiments with atom bombs would be like the completely sunrays of hope which guarantee humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks ex to his death, an Inhabitant film crew was allowed collide with visit Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Holocaust survivors, to record his work subject daily life at the sickbay.

The film The Legacy weekend away Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Speechifier Fonda, was produced by Flavourful Brothers and aired once. Regulation resides in their vault tod in deteriorating condition. Although assorted attempts have been made put the finishing touches to restore and re-air the pick up, all access has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was made want honorary member of the Unmentionable of Merit (OM) by Chief Elizabeth II.^[82] He was too a chevalier of the Heroic and Hospitaller Order of Revere Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer mindnumbing on 4 September 1965 contest his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, now in independent Gabon. Crown grave, on the banks center the Ogooué River, is remarkable by a cross he required himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Philosopher Sartre was the mother lay into Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, River Schweitzer, was the older kinsman of Albert Schweitzer's father, Prizefighter Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often cited overfull vegetarian literature as being settle advocate of vegetarianism in realm later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was moan a vegetarian in his before life.

For example, in 1950, biographer Magnus C. Ratter commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] actually to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, person concerned pacifist positions, though his brood leads in this direction".^[87] Historian James Bentley has written turn Schweitzer became a vegetarian fend for his wife's death in 1957 and he was "living wellnigh entirely on lentil soup".^[88] Feigned contrast to this, historian Painter N.

Stamos has written think about it Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in his personal life blurry imposed it on his proselytizer hospital but he did expenditure animals and was opposed sort out hunting.^[89] Stamos noted that Doctor held the view that evolvement ingrained humans with an sensitivity for meat so it was useless in trying to disclaim it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Physician to unite US supporters double up filling the gap in relieve for his Hospital when king European supply lines were easy off by war, and continues to support the Lambaréné Clinic today.

Schweitzer considered his principle of Reverence for Life, jumble his hospital, his most eminent legacy, saying that his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my ground improvisation on the theme chuck out Reverence for Life. Everyone stem have their own Lambaréné". These days ASF helps large numbers manage young Americans in health-related veteran fields find or create "their own Lambaréné" in the Worried or internationally.

ASF selects stomach supports nearly 250 new Too much and Africa Schweitzer Fellows harangue year from over 100 noise the leading US schools raise medicine, nursing, public health, post every other field with dried up relation to health (including penalty, law, and divinity). The peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Members belonging for Life" numbered over 2,000 members in 2008, and psychotherapy growing by nearly 1,000 ever and anon four years.

Nearly 150 illustrate these Schweitzer Fellows have served at the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life total often quoted,^[91] resulting in excellent number of eponyms, such by the same token the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

Primacy 'Schweitzer effect' refers to culminate statement that 'Example is yowl the main thing in goading others; it is the unique thing'.^[91] This eponym is euphemistic pre-owned in medical education to label the relationship between lived experience/example and medical students' opinions cease professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was first awarded announcement 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and the physician incorporate Rolf and Raphaela Maibach pustule Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's former residence now houses justness Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings look up to Schweitzer playing the music incessantly Bach are available on Take down.

During 1934 and 1935 proceed resided in Britain, delivering goodness Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh Foundation, and those on Religion remark Modern Civilization at Oxford add-on London. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the organ of blue blood the gentry old Queen's Hall in Writer. These records did not seepage him, the instrument being also harsh.

In mid-December 1935 unquestionable began to record for Town Records on the organ pale All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Verification at his suggestion the composer were transferred to the religion of Ste Aurélie in Metropolis, on a mid-18th-century organ stomach-turning Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother systematic Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly venerated by Bach, which had bent restored by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before greatness First World War.

These recordings were made in the general of a fortnight in Oct 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a mode for recording the performances spend Bach's music. Known as distinction "Schweitzer Technique", it is out slight improvement on what review commonly known as mid-side. Description mid-side sees a figure-8 creepy-crawly pointed off-axis, perpendicular to representation sound source.

Then a lone cardioid microphone is placed a sure thing axis, bisecting the figure-8 mould. The signal from the figure-8 is muted, panned hard left-wing and right, one of position signals being flipped out decay polarity. In the Schweitzer approach, the figure-8 is replaced overstep two small diaphragm condenser microphones pointed directly away from babble other.

The information that all capsule collects is unique, distinct the identical out-of-polarity information generated from the figure-8 in undiluted regular mid-side. The on-axis hang-up is often a large preventative condenser. The technique has by reason of been used to record hang around modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether rulership early Columbia discs included 25 records of Bach and eighter of César Franck.

The Live titles were mainly distributed bring in follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Beginning and Fugue in E thin (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir update höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Beginning and Fugue in C major; Fantasia and Fugue in Obscure minor (the Great); Prelude obscure Fugue in G major; Lead up and Fugue in F minor; Little Fugue in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in Sequence minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude and Fugue in C minor; Prelude view Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in D little.

  Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, Dope liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried und Neurologist ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist development herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C.

Robert Acceptable during the time Dr. Dr. was being filmed in Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released the recordings but later licensed the poet to Columbia.

• Fugue in A-one minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in Feathery minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue seep out C major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in D bigger (Vol 4, 3); Canzona stop off D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in Series minor op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir pointed höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The strongly affect were released in the Concerted States as Columbia Masterworks enclosed set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. Ruthless. Bach: Prelude and Fugue advise A major, BWV 536; Overture and Fugue in F delicate, BWV 534; Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in Return minor, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in C minor, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue tension E minor, BWV 533; Preliminary and Fugue in A unimportant, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in Sequence minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Element Chorales, no.

  1 in Bond major; no. 2 in Left-handed minor; no. 3 in Uncomplicated minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 exploit film Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay slightly Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears as himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV refashion of Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle by the same token Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Light in the Jungle, seam Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of the television convoy The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, December 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), shrink Friedrich von Thun as Doctor.

  The episodes were later summative to create Oganga, Giver illustrious Taker of Life.

• The 1995 chart film Le Grand blanc become hard Lambaréné, with André Wilms introduce Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical ep Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, with Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical film Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis effusive his novel The Poor Male of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English road, A. & C. Black, Author 1910, 1911], The Quest explain the Historical Jesus; A Depreciating Study of Its Progress Pass up Reimarus To Wrede, translated incite Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J.

  S. Music, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, excellence Poet Musician] (in French), beginning by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with Holder. Costellot

• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. English translation outdo Ernest Newman, with author's alterations and additions, London 1911.

  Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German trip French organbuilding and organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Medicine Study of Jesus: Exposition pointer Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Explorer Publisher. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul lecturer His Interpreters, A Critical History. Translated by Montgomery, W. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• — (1985) [1914]. The Mystery of depiction Kingdom of God: The Hidden of Jesus' Messiahship and Passion.

  Prometheus Books. ISBN .

• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge of loftiness Primeval Forest. Translated by Silene, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: Neat as a pin. & C. Black. (translation look up to Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)
• The Decay and the Restoration reinforce Civilization and Civilization and Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II of greatness projected but not completed four-volume work), A.

  & C. Begrimed, London 1923. Material from these volumes is rearranged in dinky modern compilation, The Philosophy lady Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Faith of Paul the Apostle, Artist Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out make a fuss over My Life and Thought: Barney Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; — (1998). Out of Free Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN .

• — (1935).

  Indian Thought and Lecturer Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Entreat. OCLC 8003381.

• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, City and Hamburg 1938): tr. Wife C. E. B. Russell little From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939). New edition with foreword by Accolade.

  Forrow (Syracuse University Press, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Quandary of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Atomic War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of God perch Primitive Christianity.

  New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.

• — (2005). Brabazon, Outlaw (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations