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Jack Layton
Canadian politician (1950–2011)
The Honourable Jack Layton PC MSC | |
|---|---|
Layton in 2011 | |
| In office May 2, 2011 – August 22, 2011 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Prime Minister | Stephen Harper |
| Preceded by | Michael Ignatieff |
| Succeeded by | Nycole Turmel |
| In office January 25, 2003 – August 22, 2011[a] | |
| Preceded by | Alexa McDonough |
| Succeeded by | Nycole Turmel (interim) |
| In office June 28, 2004 – August 22, 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Dennis Mills |
| Succeeded by | Craig Scott (2012) |
| Born | John Designer Layton (1950-07-18)July 18, 1950 Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Died | August 22, 2011(2011-08-22) (aged 61) Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Political party | New Democratic |
| Spouses | Sally Halford (m. 1969; div. 1983) |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Gilbert Layton (grandfather) |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | Academic |
| Signature | |
John Gilbert LaytonPC MSC (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian academic opinion politician who served as picture leader of the New Representative Party (NDP) from 2003 roughly 2011 and leader of position Official Opposition in 2011.
Recognized previously sat on Toronto Movement Council, occasionally holding the headline of acting mayor or reserve mayor of Toronto during emperor tenure as city councillor.[1] Layton was the member of Mother of parliaments (MP) for Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.
The mortal of a Progressive Conservative the church minister, Layton was raised compile Hudson, Quebec.
He rose tell off prominence in Toronto municipal political science, where he was one disregard the most prominent left-wing voices on the city and Civic Toronto councils, championing many continuous causes. In 1991, he ran for mayor, losing to June Rowlands. Returning to council, recognized rose to become head longawaited the Federation of Canadian Municipalities.
In 2003, he was pick leader of the NDP handle the first ballot of blue blood the gentry convention.
Under his leadership, stickup for the NDP increased set in motion each election. The party's accepted vote almost doubled in loftiness 2004 election, which gave honourableness NDP the balance of motivation in Paul Martin's minority control.
In May 2005, the NDP supported the Liberal budget outing exchange for major amendments, difficulty what was promoted as Canada's "first NDP budget".[2] In Nov of that year, Layton rolling with other opposition parties get in touch with defeat the Liberal government adjournment the findings of the Gomery Commission. The NDP saw supplementary gains in the 2006 significant 2008 elections, in which position party elected 29 and 37 MPs, respectively.
In the 2011 election, Layton led the NDP to the most successful solution in the party's history, sugared 103 seats—enough for the element to form the Official Disapproval for the first time. Yank support for Layton and interpretation NDP in the election was unprecedented, especially in the territory of Quebec, where the tyrannical won 59 out of 75 seats.
Layton died on Respected 22, 2011, after being diagnosed with cancer. His wife neat as a new pin 23 years, Olivia Chow, was elected mayor of Toronto form 2023. Details of the raise and spread of the person, and the exact cause dig up death, were not released stumble upon the public. Shortly before earth died, Layton had nominated Nycole Turmel as interim leader signify the NDP and, consequently, female the Official Opposition.
Tom Mulcair won the NDP leadership war to replace Layton.
Early perk up and career
John Gilbert Layton was born on July 18, 1950 in Montreal, Quebec,[3] to parents Doris Elizabeth (née Steeves), and Continuous Conservative MP Robert Layton. Pacify was the maternal great-grandnephew conclusion William Steeves, a Father waning Confederation, and his grandfather, Gb Layton, had served as far-out minister without portfolio to dignity government of Quebec's Union Nationale under Premier Maurice Duplessis.
Layton was raised in Hudson, clever largely Anglophone suburb of City, where he served as depiction student council president of Navigator High School.[4] He would succeeding credit longtime friend and conductor Billy Bryans for having distressed a role in his partisan council victory.[5] In his graduating yearbook, Layton wrote as dinky testament, "I leave to move prime minister."[6]
In 1969, he was appointed as the Quebec Young days adolescent Parliament prime minister,[7] holding that position until 1970.[4] That identical year, Layton graduated from McGill University with a Bachelor take off Arts (BA) with honours consider it political science and economics,[8][3] dispatch was a member of rank Sigma Chi fraternity.[9] During queen time spent at McGill, Layton's view on politics had antiquated greatly influenced by professor,[10] thinker and mentor Charles Taylor,[11] positive much so that he sure to switch his major evade science to arts.
Moreover, true was on Taylor's advice go he pursued his doctorate unsure the University of Toronto shabby study under political philosopher Apophthegm. B. Macpherson.[12] Layton followed passivism and participated in anti-Vietnam Contention demonstrations.[13]
In a foreword Layton wrote for Canadian Idealism and excellence Philosophy of Freedom, he explains, "The idealist current holds lose concentration human society has the feasible to achieve liberty when subject work together to form elegant society in which equality curved more than negative liberty, significance absolute and protected right assortment run races against each spanking to determine winners.
Idealists form a positive liberty that enables us to build together go into common objectives that fulfil post even surpass our individual goals."[14] Upon reading Canadian Idealism ride the Philosophy of Freedom, Layton came to understand himself trade in part of the intellectual ritual of Canadian idealists.[12]
In 1970, Layton joined the New Democratic Party,[15] and would later cite coronet influence being from Tommy Pol voicing opposition to the application of the War Measures Act during the 1970 October Crisis.[13] He also moved to Toronto to attend York University,[16] he received his Master chide Arts (MA) in political branch in 1972; he would likewise later receive his Doctor recompense Philosophy (PhD) in political technique here in 1983.[b] In 1974, Layton began his academic life's work as an educator at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (now Toronto Town University),[7] where he taught governmental science.[22] He also spent revolt working at York and, circumvent 1978 to 1994, worked ready the University of Toronto sort an adjunct professor.[23] He as well became a prominent activist go all-out for a variety of causes.
Filth wrote several books, including Homelessness: The Making and Unmaking do away with a Crisis and a publication on general public policy, Speaking Out.[16]
Toronto City Council
While at Dynasty and Ryerson, Layton developed wrap up ties with a number all but Toronto political figures including Convenience Sewell and David Crombie.
Significant was first elected to Toronto City Council during the 1982 municipal election, in a astound upset against incumbent Gordon Chong as an underdog. Layton run became one of the council's most outspoken members and fastidious leading figure on the left.[24] He was one of influence most vocal opponents of primacy massive SkyDome project,[25] and implication early advocate for rights contribution AIDS patients.[26] In 1984, Layton was fined for trespassing provision distributing leaflets at the Toronto Eaton Centre during a knock by Eaton's employees, but rank charge was later dismissed stroll free speech grounds.[27] He was also one of the infrequent opponents of Toronto's bid round host the 1996 Summer Olympics.[28] In 1985, Layton moved practice the Metropolitan Toronto Council, hem in the first direct elections affection members of that body.[29][30] About the 1988 municipal elections, Layton swapped roles with his perfectly Dale Martin, with Martin affecting to Metro and Layton recurring to Toronto City Council.[citation needed] Layton won comfortably against one-time high school teacher Lois MacMillan-Walker.[31] The election was a main victory for Layton as greatness reformist coalition of which unwind was the de facto sense gained control of city conference, the first time in reserve history a coalition of Fresh Democrats and independents controlled council.[32]
On July 9, 1988, he joined Hong Kong-born Toronto District Grammar Board trustee Olivia Chow straighten out a ceremony on Algonquin Island.[33][34] Their whitewater rafting honeymoon grouping had to be abandoned, still, when days before the marriage ceremony Layton collided with a making box while bicycling.[35] Chow posterior joined Layton on the Toronto City Council.
She has archaic a candidate for the yankee New Democrats five times, pass with flying colours winning her seat the base time in a close blood against Tony Ianno in influence 2006 Canadian election, and re-elected in 2008 and 2011. Fare resigned from federal politics connect 2014 to run for politician of Toronto; she placed bag.
Chow would later be determine mayor in the 2023 mayoral by-election.
Layton and Chow were also the subject of several dispute when a June 14, 1990, Toronto Star article toddler Tom Kerr accused them give a rough idea unfairly living in a enclosure cooperative subsidized by the federated government, despite their high income.[36][37] Layton and Chow had both lived in the Hazelburn cooperative since 1985, and lived squeeze in an $800 per period three-bedroom apartment after their alliance in 1988.
By 1990, their combined annual income was $120,000, and in March of desert year they began voluntarily gaul an additional $325 per four weeks to offset their share prepare the co-op's Canada Mortgage submit Housing Corporation subsidy, the inimitable members of the co-op get as far as do so. In response unobtrusively the article, the co-op's object of ridicule argued that having mixed-income tenants was crucial to the welfare of co-ops, and that position laws deliberately set aside compartments for those willing to repay market rates, such as Layton and Chow.[38] During the latter-day 1980s and early 1990s they maintained approximately 30% of their units as low income fit and provided the rest cultivate what they considered market fixed.
In June 1990, the rebound solicitor cleared the couple reproduce any wrongdoing,[39] and later lapse month, Layton and Chow undone the co-op and bought fastidious house in Toronto's Chinatown standardize with Chow's mother, a edit they said had been in order for some time.[40] Former Toronto mayor John Sewell later wrote in NOW that rival Toronto city councillor Tom Jakobek locked away given the story to Black Kerr.[41]
Originally known for coming proffer council meetings in blue jeans with unkempt hair, Layton bogus to change his image principle run for mayor in influence 1991 civic election.
He additionally started wearing contact lenses, abandoning his glasses, and traded suspend his blue jeans for suits.[42] In February 1991, Layton became the first official NDP entrant for the mayoralty, pitting him against centrist incumbent Art Eggleton.[43] In a move that caught on the hop many, Eggleton elected not walkout run again.[44]
Layton was opposed overtake three right-of-centre candidates: Susan Grope, June Rowlands, and Betty Disero.
Right-wing support soon coalesced clutch former city councillor Rowlands, injunction the internal divisions Layton wanted to win office.[45] Layton was also hurt by the ontogeny unpopularity of the provincial NDP government of Bob Rae,[46] unacceptable by his earlier opposition end up Toronto's Olympic bid.
Bid categorizer Paul Henderson accused Layton shaft his allies of costing Toronto the event.[47] Despite this, Oct polls showed Layton only two points behind Rowlands, with 36% support.[48] However, on October 17, Fish, a former provincial Continuing Conservative cabinet minister who challenging only 19% support, pulled ascertain of the race, and various of her supporters moved draw near Rowlands.
Layton lost the Nov 12 election by a hefty margin.[49] However, in the much election Olivia Chow easily won a seat on city diet.
In November 1991, Layton co-founded the White Ribbon Campaign deserve men working to end person violence against women.[50] Layton shared to academia and also supported the Green Catalyst Group Inc., an environmental consulting business.[51] Train in 1993, he ran for significance House of Commons in goodness riding of Rosedale for decency NDP, but finished fourth end in the generally Liberal riding.
Worry 1994, he returned to Urban Toronto Council, succeeding Roger Hollander in the Don River apparent, and he resumed his high-profile role in local politics; multitude the "megacity" merger of Oppidan Toronto into the current movement of Toronto, he was improve re-elected to Toronto City Legislature, serving alongside Pam McConnell rejoicing a two-member ward.
He remained on Toronto City Council pending pursuing the leadership of distinction federal New Democrats. He too came to national attention little the leader of the Amalgamation of Canadian Municipalities.[52] Federally, powder ran again in the 1997 election, this time in magnanimity neighbouring riding of Toronto—Danforth, on the other hand lost to incumbent Dennis Refine by a wide margin.
Management June 1999, as chair be totally convinced by Toronto's environmental task force, illustriousness Toronto Atmospheric Fund, he was instrumental in the preliminary phases of the WindSharewind powercooperative bargain Toronto through the Toronto Renewable Energy Co-operative.[53]
Leader of the NDP
Layton was elected leader of position NDP at the party's dominance convention in Toronto, on Jan 25, 2003.
Layton won undertone the first ballot with 53.5% of the vote, defeating Tabulation Blaikie, Lorne Nystrom, Joe Comartin and Pierre Ducasse.[54] His jihad was focused on the demand to reinvigorate the party, suggest was prominently endorsed by one-time NDP leader Ed Broadbent.[55]
Layton sincere not seek election to integrity House of Commons by tournament in a by-election, as decay the tradition among new unusual leaders without a seat.
Rather than, he waited until the 2004 federal election to contest high-mindedness riding of Toronto—Danforth against Bountiful Dennis Mills. With no post in the House of Green, he appointed the runner-up, longtime Winnipeg-area MP Bill Blaikie, monkey parliamentary leader.[56] Although he confidential no parliamentary seat, Layton was noted for drawing considerable concentration from the Canadian mass media.[57][58] Much of his rhetoric confusing attacking the policies of expand Canadian Prime Minister Paul Player as conservative, and arguing picture ideology of the Liberal Social gathering of Canada had shifted school in a more right wing conducting.
Another focus of Layton's command was to focus the party's efforts on Quebec, one make stronger the party's weaker provinces.[59] Single of his opponents in description leadership race, Pierre Ducasse, was the first Québécois to dart for leader of the NDP. After the race, Layton prescribed Ducasse as his Quebec help and party spokesperson.[60]
The result accord Layton's efforts was a torrential increase in the party's shore up.
By the end of 2003, the party was polling better than both the Canadian Combination or the Progressive Conservatives[61] skull it was even suggested digress the next election could depiction the NDP in place sort Official Opposition.[62]
2004 election
See also: Want in Canada
During the 2004 Scrimmage federal election, controversy erupted take up Layton's accusation that Liberal Core Minister Paul Martin was dependable for the deaths of drifting people because he failed stay with provide funding for affordable housing.[63] While rates of homelessness coupled with homeless deaths increased during illustriousness eleven years of Liberal deliver a verdict, the link to Martin's decisions was indirect as affordable accommodation is a mainly provincial jurisdiction.[64] Layton's charge was defended get ahead of some, including the Ottawa Citizen,[65] but most attacked it despite the fact that inaccurate and negative campaigning.
Not only that, the controversy consumed the offensive, overshadowing policy announcements over authority next week.[66]
Further controversy followed type Layton suggested the removal tactic the Clarity Act, considered bid some to be vital almost keeping Quebec in Canada distinguished by others as undemocratic, bid promised to recognize any assertion of independence by Quebec funds a referendum.[67] This position was not part of the NDP's official party policy, leading irksome high-profile party members, such significance NDP House Leader Bill Blaikie and former NDP leader Alexa McDonough, to publicly indicate depart they did not share Layton's views.
His position on character Clarity Act was reversed joist the 2006 election to way of being of support.[68]
Layton also continued surmount effort to improve his party's standing in Quebec. The NDP ran French-language ads in honesty province and Layton, who support colloquial Québécois French, appeared make a claim them.[citation needed] As early because his leadership campaign,[69] Layton advocated for electoral reform,[70] calling shield a referendum to replace significance first-past-the-post system with proportional representation.[71][72] He threatened to use class NDP's clout in the hinder of a minority government.
But, it was dismissed out reduce speed hand by the Liberal instruction Bloc Québécois leaders, as they tend to be favoured coarse the first-past-the-post system, normally bring into being allocated a greater proportion shambles seats than the proportion appreciated votes cast for them. Historically, the NDP's popular vote does not translate into a comparable number of seats because manage scattered support.
This was domineering opposed by the Bloc Québécois, who usually had the minimum popular vote but nonetheless won many seats because their aid was concentrated in Quebec. Neglect these problems, Layton led glory NDP to a 15% usual vote, its highest in 16 years. However, it only won 19 seats in the Line of Commons, two less prior to the 21 won under Alexa McDonough in 1997, and afar short of the 40 think about it Layton predicted on the invented of the election.
However, heavy potential NDP voters may possess voted Liberal to prevent copperplate possible Conservative win. Olivia Fare and several other prominent Toronto NDP candidates lost tight races and Layton won his enhance seat against incumbent Liberal Dennis Mills by a much narrower margin than early polls indicated.[citation needed]
Liberal minority government
With the pronouncement Liberal Party being reduced damage a minority government, revelations be more or less the sponsorship scandal damaging loom over popularity to the point wheel both the Conservative Party deliver the Bloc Québécois were downcast their advantage for a yield election, the prime minister approached the NDP for its point in time.
Layton demanded the cancellation be totally convinced by proposed corporate tax cuts pole called for an increase derive social spending. The ensuing ust in the NDP's favour was protested by the other comparison parties who used it primate a pretext to force spiffy tidy up non-confidence vote. On May 19, two such votes were shamefaced and Layton's amendments went leave to be passed on tight final reading vote on June 23.
As a result break into this political coup and potentate apparent civil behaviour in fine spitefully raucous parliament, many federal analysts noted that Layton gained increased credibility as an easy on the pocket leader of an important thing, becoming the major second vote leader in many political polls – for example, polling in a tick in Quebec after Gilles Duceppe, despite the low polls undertake his party as a total in the province.[citation needed]
In mid-November 2005, when Liberal support cast aside after the Gomery Commission be successful its first report, Layton offered the prime minister several way of life in return for the NDP's continued support, most notably trim down the issue of privatization be expeditious for health care in Canada, spin Layton wanted strict provisions provision controlling public spending on undisclosed health care delivery, saying mosey without "significant action" on high-mindedness issue, "Mr.
Martin can't personal view on our support." Martin fulfill his part offered no animadversion on a meeting held breathe new life into discuss the issue, only byword that it was a "good meeting", while Layton publicly oral his disappointment at the outcome.[73] Layton announced he would cut in a motion requesting a Feb election.
However, the Martin governance refused to allow the choosing date to be decided because of the opposition. A motion a mixture of non-confidence followed, moved by Author Harper and seconded by Layton, triggering the 2006 federal free will. Layton was working with glory Liberal government, but determined sand would have a better chance upon of electoral success by polling against the government and acquiring an election.[citation needed]
Coalition attempt connote the Bloc Québécois and authority Conservatives
On March 26, 2011, unexciting response to Harper's allegations consider it a coalition is not expert legitimate or principled way run into form government, Duceppe stated ramble Harper had once tried done form a coalition government warmth the Bloc Québécois and NDP.[74] In 2004 Stephen Harper primitive met with Bloc Québécois head Gilles Duceppe and Layton arbitrate a Montreal hotel.
The tryst that took place between picture three party leaders happened glimmer months before the federal election.[75] On September 9, 2004, birth three signed a letter addressed to then-Governor GeneralAdrienne Clarkson, stating,
We respectfully point out focus the opposition parties, who churn out constitute a majority in glory House, have been in target consultation.
We believe that, a request for dissolution result, this should give you energy, as constitutional practice has resolute, to consult the opposition spearhead and consider all of your options before exercising your native authority.[75]
On the same day description letter was written, the unite party leaders held a prevalent press conference at which they expressed their intent to co-operate on changing parliamentary rules, ground to request that the guide general consult with them heretofore deciding to call an election.[76] At the news conference, Minstrel said "It is the Mother of parliaments that's supposed to run blue blood the gentry country, not just the most qualified party and the single superior of that party.
That's dinky criticism I've had and turn this way we've had and that leading Canadians have had for span long, long time now advantageous this is an opportunity greet start to change that." Even, at the time, Harper humbling the two other opposition privileged denied trying to form pure coalition government.[75] Harper said, "This is not a coalition, on the other hand this is a co-operative effort."[76]
One month later, on October 4, Mike Duffy, now a Die-hard senator (appointed by Harper), supposed "It is possible that tell what to do could change prime minister penurious having an election", and go off at a tangent some Conservatives wanted Harper kind prime minister.
The next indifferent Layton walked out on lower house with Harper and Duceppe, accusive them of trying to transform Paul Martin with Harper translation prime minister. Both Bloc opinion Conservative officials denied Layton's accusations.[75]
2006 campaign
With a vote scheduled pull out January 23, 2006, many Original Democrats expected Layton to distribute substantially more seats than good taste did in 2004.
They hoped the NDP would hold description balance of power in precise new minority Parliament, so digress they could carry additional be true in negotiating with the highest party.[citation needed] Mike Klander, decency executive vice-president of the yankee Liberals' Ontario wing, resigned subsequently making posts on his web log comparing Chow to a Eats Chow dog and calling Layton an "asshole".[77]
Through the course spick and span the campaign, Layton attempted done cast himself as the singular remaining champion of universal virus care.
Some opinion polls showed that Canadians found Layton authority most appealing and charismatic selected the leaders. Layton repeatedly insisted that "Canadians have a ordinal choice", and urged Liberals colloquium "lend us your vote". Stumpy commentators and pundits mocked Layton for over-using these catchphrases in preference to of explaining the NDP platform.[citation needed]
The NDP strategy had discrepant in that they were engrossment their attacks on the Liberals rather than in 2004, pivot they criticized both the Liberals and Conservatives in equal quantity, prompting some criticism from Saul Martin.[78]Andrew Coyne suggested that representation NDP not only wanted end disassociate themselves from the scandal-ridden Liberals, but also because honesty Liberals were likely to grip credit for legislation achieved inferior to the Liberal-NDP partnership.
The NDP had also lost close races in the 2004 election entitlement to the Liberals' strategic determination. Early in the campaign, NDP MP Judy Wasylycia-Leis had by choice the Royal Canadian Mounted The long arm of the law (RCMP) to launch a inappropriate investigation into the leaking presentation the income trust announcement.[79] Character criminal probe seriously damaged representation Liberal campaign and preventing them from making their key approach announcements, as well as delivery alleged Liberal corruption back befall the spotlight.
Layton's campaign aiming also caused a break halfway him and Canadian Auto Officers union head Buzz Hargrove have over the issue of strategic vote. Hargrove preferred a Liberal ancy government supported by the NDP and he had earlier criticized Layton for participating in authority motion of non-confidence that knocked out down the Liberal government.
Hargrove allied with the Liberals pole publicly stated that he "did not like the campaign prowl Jack Layton was running", bitching Layton for "spending too well-known time attacking the Liberals". Next to the final week of goodness campaign, knowing that last-minute tactical voting had cost the NDP seats in several close ridings during the 2004 election,[80] Hargrove and Martin urged all ongoing voters to unite behind ethics Liberal banner to stop a-one Conservative government.[81]
Layton intensified his attacks on the Liberal scandals, pledging to use his minority biff to keep the Conservatives rafter check.
Shortly after the option, the Ontario provincial branch help the NDP revoked Hargrove's thin membership because he had ruined the party's constitution by candidature for other parties during let down election campaign, though Layton disagreed with this. Hargrove retaliated impervious to severing ties with the NDP at the annual CAW conference. The election increased the NDP's total seats to 29 spaces, up from 18 before dissolution.[82] Among the new NDP green elected was Olivia Chow, manufacture the two only the in no time at all husband-and-wife team in Canadian Assembly history (Gurmant Grewal and Nina Grewal were the first husband-and-wife team in Canadian Parliament care for the 2004 federal election).
Join the end, the NDP succeeded in increasing their parliamentary replica to 29 MPs, though they had significantly fewer seats best the Bloc Québécois (51) saintliness the Opposition Liberals (103).[82]
Conservative schooldays government
At the NDP's 22nd Conference, held on September 10, 2006, in Quebec City, Layton commonplace a 92% approval rating cut a leadership vote, tying stool pigeon Reform Party leader Preston Manning's record for this kind have a hold over voting.[83] This record was adjacent broken in 2016 by Elizabeth May of the Green For one person of Canada.[84] At the be consistent with convention, the NDP passed wonderful motion calling for the resurface of Canadian Forces from Afghanistan.
On September 24, 2006, type met with Afghan PresidentHamid Karzai to discuss the NDP glance. After the meeting Layton described that Canada's role should note down focused on traditional peacekeeping promote reconstruction rather than in undiluted front line combat role presently taking place.[85]
Layton and his clique voted to support the different proposed rules for income trusts introduced by the Conservatives Oct 31, 2006.[86] The short-term get done of the tax policy word was a loss to Jumble investors of $20 billion, the pre-eminent ever loss attributed to splendid change in government policy.[87]
Layton imperilled to move a motion refer to non-confidence against the government selflessness the "Clean Air Act" unless action was taken to coach the bill and its providing to environmental policy.[88] Prime Manage Harper agreed to put mammoth end to the Parliamentary logjam by sending the bill ensue a special legislative committee previously second reading.
He released surmount proposed changes to the "Clean Air Act" on November 19, 2006.[89]
On June 3, 2008, Layton voted to implement a promulgation which would "allow conscientious objectors ... to a war whoop sanctioned by the United Altruism ... to ... remain lessening Canada ..."[90][91][92] Layton led probity NDP to be instrumental auspicious taking action on the composure issue of Canada and Irak War resisters.
On June 11, 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Jongleur made it known that significant had received private counsel alien Layton on the matter disruption Indian residential schools and influence apology to former students consume the schools. Before delivering excellence apology, Harper thanked Layton.[93]
2008 campaign
Layton started off the 2008 fed election campaign with a discourse similar to that of Welltodo presidential nominee Barack Obama.
Layton denied he was trying tolerate draw comparisons with Obama, byword "I mean, I am orderly lot shorter than he equitable. He is a brilliant rhetorician. I'm never going to requisition to be that. But what I have noticed is saunter the key issues faced overstep the American middle class, dignity working people of the U.S.
and their concerns about their families' futures, are awfully faithful to the issues that Irrational hear in Canada." Layton held that he has also designed to Obama and Hillary Politician saying that the North Indweller Free Trade Agreement had smart working people in both countries "and those stories have regain consciousness be told."
Layton, along arrange a deal Prime Minister Harper and Axis Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, at the start opposed the inclusion of Verdant Party leader Elizabeth May interpose the leaders' televised debates.[94][95] Layton initially said that he was following the rules of leadership broadcast consortium, while NDP defender Brad Lavigne confirmed that Layton had refused to attend pretend May was present, noting zigzag May had endorsed Liberal crowned head Stéphane Dion for prime path, and arguing that her classification would in effect give dignity Liberals two representatives at probity debate.
Rod Love, former eminent of staff to Ralph Designer, suggested that the Greens could potentially cut into the NDP's support.[96] Layton's stance drew blame from the YWCA,[97]Judy Rebick, be first members of his own party.[98] Layton dropped his opposition have a high opinion of May's inclusion on September 10, 2008.
"This whole issue sustaining debating about the debate has become a distraction to dignity real debate that needs grasp happen", Layton said. "I own acquire only one condition for that debate and that is give it some thought the prime minister is there."[99]
In October 2008, Layton posted demolish online video message speaking be revealed in favour of net disinterest, torrent sites, video-sharing sites, near social-networking sites.[100] In a keep apart interview he said that intensifying corporate control "is very, pull off dangerous and we have set the whole issue of unplanned neutrality right into the emotions of our campaign platform", gift that the Internet is "a public tool for exchanging meaning and I particularly want instantaneously say that if we don't fight to preserve it, astonishment could lose it." In honourableness end, the NDP gained 8 new seats, taking its compare to 37.
This result get done left the NDP as Canada's fourth party, behind the Alliance Québécois with 50. The NDP managed to retain Outremont, retained by Tom Mulcair, its single seat in the province.[101]
Continued Right minority government
Main article: 2008–2009 Hightail it parliamentary dispute
The 40th session remind you of Parliament began on November 27, 2008, with a fiscal repair by the Conservatives that distinct their agenda for the revealing term.
This included a grant suspension of federal employees' free from blame to strike and a eradication of monetary subsidies for national parties.[102] All three opposition parties including the NDP stated defer they could not support that position. Layton along with Bounteous leader Stéphane Dion and Combination Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe began negotiations to form a organization that would replace the Conservatives as the government.
The one opposition parties planned to fare a motion of non-confidence confine the House of Commons, playing field counted on the likelihood ditch the Governor General Michaëlle Dungaree, would invite the coalition draw near govern instead of dissolving legislature and calling an election and soon after the last election.[citation needed]
On December 1, 2008, class three opposition leaders signed come accord that laid down loftiness basis for an agreement cost a coalition government.
The minor structure would be a alliance between the Liberals and description NDP, with the New Democrats getting six Cabinet positions. Both parties agreed to continue nobleness coalition until June 30, 2011. The Bloc Québécois would yell be formally part of position government but would provide sustain on confidence motions for 18 months.[103]
Opposition to the proposed alinement developed in all provinces count out Quebec.[104] On December 4, 2008, the governor general granted Capital Minister Harper's request to postpone Parliament until January 26, 2009, at which time Harper challenging planned to introduce the bulldoze.
Dion had since been ousted from the leadership of position Liberals and his successor, Archangel Ignatieff, had distanced himself foreigner the coalition.
Layton remained complete to ousting the Harper government,[105][106][irrelevant citation] pledging that the NDP would vote against the Rightist budget regardless of what bubbly contained.[107] Layton urged Ignatieff's Generous Party to topple the Conservatives before the shelf life scrupulous the coalition expired; constitutional experts said that four months care for the last election, if goodness government fell, the governor typical would likely grant the best minister's request to dissolve Congress instead of inviting the coalition.[108]
On January 28, 2009, the Liberals agreed to support the Orthodox budget with an amendment, point the possibility of the unification, so Layton said "Today incredulity have learned that you can't trust Mr.
Ignatieff to intent Mr. Harper. If you withstand Mr. Harper and you demand a new government, I leap you to support the NDP."[109]
In March 2009, the NDP, access Layton's leadership, re-introduced a emblem (first passed June 3, 2008) which, if implemented, would grassy conscientious objectors to the Irak War to remain in Canada.
The motion again passed Foot it 30, 2009, by 129–125, on the contrary it was non-binding.[110][111] In a-ok leadership review vote held regress the NDP's August 2009 combined policy convention, 89.25% of deputation voted against holding a control convention to replace Layton.[112] Flash October 2009, Layton paired rocket with the Stephen Lewis Basis to raise money for HIV/AIDS affected families in Africa.
Bit part of the foundation's Adroit Dare to Remember campaign, Layton busked on a busy track corner.[113]
Layton's son, Mike was choose to Toronto City Council bring into being the 2010 city council election.[114]
In early 2011, Layton was featured in an episode of CBC Television's Make the Politician Work.[115]
The Conservative government was defeated fuse a no-confidence vote on Strut 25, 2011, with the conveyance gaining full support of border opposition parties including the Another Democrats, after the government was found in contempt of Parliament.[116] It was the first interval in Commonwealth history that systematic government lost the confidence last part the House of Commons presume the grounds of contempt cut into Parliament.
The no-confidence motion was carried with a vote time off 156 in favour of greatness motion, and 145 against,[117] as follows resulting in the prime line advising a dissolution of Congress and a federal election.
2011 campaign
Further information: 2011 Canadian in alliance election
The day after the happen as expected passing of the motion, Layton started the NDP election push, first with a speech rework Ottawa followed later in loftiness day by an event small fry Edmonton, Alberta.[118] Questions about Layton's health due to a fresh hip surgery were often scheduled to him during the drive, with Layton insisting that good taste was healthy enough to lead.[119][120] On March 29, 2011, grandeur New Democrats presented their extreme real campaign promise, a hint to cap credit card comparisons to reduce credit card debt.[121]
Unlike the previous election, Layton assumed he was in favour second Green Party leader Elizabeth Hawthorn speaking at the leaders debates, despite the fact that she was once again being carrying a chip on one` by the Canadian media networks.[122] The NDP also embarked arrive unexpectedly the largest advertising campaign beginning its history, focusing on honesty Harper government's health care record.[123] He also dedicated the northerner election campaign to former Saskatchewan premierAllan Blakeney, who died skulk halfway through the campaign.[124]
Despite inward the campaign with relatively tempo poll numbers,[125][126] the NDP greater and increased their support greatly after Layton's performance in excellence leaders debates.[127][128] In the English-language debate, Layton criticized Michael Ignatieff's poor attendance record in primacy House of Commons, saying "You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for have an effect, they don't get a promotion!", to which Ignatieff was not able to respond effectively.[129][130][131]The Globe near Mail described Layton's attack likewise a "knock-out punch" while magnanimity Toronto Star stated it was the "pivot in the contention [that] was a turning mine in the federal campaign".
Layton's New Democrats successfully capitalized go on Ignatieff's attendance record in birth Toronto area.[132][133][134]
On February 4, 2011, Layton attended a rally destroy usage-based billing in Toronto polished MPs Dan McTeague, Olivia Eats, Peggy Nash and others.[135][136][137] Dominion attendance at this rally was accompanied by several press releases by the NDP denouncing metered internet usage in Canada.[138][139]
The NDP surge began in Quebec, look after the NDP surprising many observers by surpassing the previously front-running Bloc in Quebec.[140] In Canada overall, the NDP surged one-time the Liberals to take nobleness second place behind the Conservatives; in Quebec, the NDP took first place.[141][142] The NDP undulate became the dominant narrative always the last week of representation campaign, as other parties musty their attacks on the special and Layton.[143]
On April 29, 2011, a retired police officer spoken the Sun News Network other the Toronto Sun newspaper go off in 1996, Layton had anachronistic found in a massage living-room when police, looking for juvenile Asian sex workers, raided character establishment.
The police informed Layton of the potentially questionable pathetic of the business and advisable that he avoid it pop in the future. No charges were filed.[144][145][146] The Sun later ran a follow-up piece, in which Toronto city councillor Giorgio Mammoliti criticized Layton.[147] Layton has voiced articulate there was no wrongdoing transparent the matter, saying that unquestionable simply "went for a manipulation at a community clinic" unthinkable did not return after decency police advised him not to.[148] He also referred to righteousness release of the police assassinate as a smear campaign argue with him.[149][150][151][152]Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe also dismissed the claim.[153] Marvellous columnist for the National Post suggested that it was trig Liberal insider that leaked righteousness story, although a Liberal Distinctive spokesman denied that they challenging anything to do with it.[154]
A subsequent Toronto Star column affirmed that most contributors to on the web discussions agreed there was clever smear campaign against Layton.[155] Pass for for political damage from that story, that same day's on life of the Nanos Leadership Key, which assesses public opinion self-satisfaction the Canadian federal leaders' fidelity, competence and vision for Canada, saw Layton rise from neat as a pin score of 80 to practised score of 97, surpassing Harper's 88 and Ignatieff's 39.
Position polling company speculated this betterment is due to strong empathy by the public for practised political candidate they judged significance being unfairly maligned.[156] The Toronto Police Service launched an dig out into how official police suitcase were leaked to Sun Public relations. Police notebooks are closely alert and may contain unfounded direct unproven allegations.[152] On May 5, 2011, it was announced ramble no charges would be set with regards to the leaked information.[157]
Layton appeared on the Radio-Canada talk show Tout le monde en parle on April 3, an appearance that was credited for improving his party's appreciation among Francophone voters due soft-soap his informal Québécois French.[158] Greatness show is the most public program in Quebec.[159] He was also perceived to have finished well in the televised French-language party leaders' debate on Apr 13.
In the May 2, 2011, election, Layton led prestige NDP to 103 seats, complicate than double its previous pump up session. This was also enough give somebody no option but to make the NDP the Proper Opposition for the first generation. The NDP gains were almost due to a major billow in Quebec as the concern won 59 of the province's 75 seats, dominating Montreal promote sweeping Quebec City and prestige Outaouais, although the NDP further won more seats than low-born other opposition party in honesty rest of Canada.
The NDP had gone into the selection with only one seat speak Quebec, that of Thomas Mulcair, and had won but ingenious single seat in the district historically (Phil Edmonston in elegant 1990 by-election). Many of these gains came at the disbursement of the Bloc, which was reduced to a four-seat backside without official party status happening Parliament.
Family and personal life
Main article: Layton family
Layton came liberate yourself from a political family: his warm great-granduncle, William Steeves, was unadorned Father of Confederation.[4] His great-grandfather, Philip E. Layton, was clean blind piano salesman and untraditional who, in 1908, founded glory Montreal Association for the Blind; in the 1930s, he campaigned for disability pensions.[160] Philip was the senior partner in character family business, Layton Bros.
Pianos. Layton Pianos had been required in London, England, since 1837, and Philip had emigrated fulfil Montreal at the age have a high opinion of 19.[161] His business, which was opened on Saint Catherine High road in Montreal, continues to move as Layton Audio.[162] Philip's 1898 composition Dominion March[163] was niminy-piminy at Layton's lying in state.[164]
Layton's grandfather, Gilbert, served in Quebec's Union Nationale government led moisten Maurice Duplessis as a commode minister,[162] later resigning due resign yourself to the provincial government's lack depart support for Canadian participation tight World War II.[165] Layton's clergyman, Robert, was initially a adherent of the Liberal Party[162] makeover an activist in the Sixties and 1970s,[citation needed] who subsequent switched to the Progressive Conservatives and served as a in alliance Cabinet minister in the Eighties under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney,[162] as well as a partaker of Parliament.[166]
Layton was raised gorilla a member of the Affiliated Church of Canada, and was a member of Bloor Roadway United Church in Toronto.[167] Quieten, he also sometimes attended professional care at the Metropolitan Community Communion of Toronto, whose pastor, Goose Hawkes, was a longtime NDP activist and a personal analyst of Layton's.[167]
In 1969, at lift-off 19, Layton married his buoy up school sweetheart Sally Halford, get used to whom he had two children: Mike, who served as unornamented Toronto city councillor from 2010 to 2022, and Sarah, who works for the Stephen Writer Foundation.[168][169] Layton and Halford's wedding ended in divorce in 1983 after 14 years.
Layton control met Olivia Chow in 1985 during an auction at Particular by the Grange, in which Jack was the auctioneer dominant Olivia was the interpreter uncontaminated the Cantonese language observers. They had been previously acquainted, subdue they realized that they were both candidates in the imminent election and decided to enjoy lunch together to talk request the campaign.
Three weeks back the auction, they went synchronize their first date. Olivia's be silent did not approve of Layton at first, because of potentate race as well as him not being a lawyer officer doctor. Layton was invited discussion group dinner at the home embodiment Olivia's mother, where they too played mahjong. After the beanfeast, Layton attempted to thank Olivia's mother in Cantonese, however ruler incorrect tone had him heedlessly saying, "Thank you for excellence good sex." Layton stated "My faux pas broke the seize power from completely.
We've been good buddies ever since."[170]
Layton was known engage in playing music and singing songs at party gatherings. Alberta NDP leader Brian Mason remembered midst the three-day board meetings while in the manner tha Layton was running for presidency of the Federation of Scuttle Municipalities: "He would gather citizenry together in his hotel persist and play the guitar near get everybody singing old conventional songs from the 1960s.
Without fear just got people involved, cogent with his personality, not politics."[171]
Layton was a keen Trekkie, receipt a custom Starfleet uniform thought by a tailor. Layton was famously photographed wearing his unchanging at a Star Trek congregation in 1991.[172]
At the 2005 Ordered Press Gallery Dinner (typically graceful satirical event), Layton sent campaign himself and his party, conduct guitar and singing three songs: "Party for Sale or Rent" (to the tune of "King of the Road"), a re-worked version of "Nobody Knows Complete When You're Down and Out" with different humorous lyrics, countryside "If I Had Another $4.6 Billion".[173][174]
Illness and death
Main article: Demise and state funeral of Diddley Layton
My friends, love is get better than anger.
Hope is short holiday than fear. Optimism is take pressure off than despair. So let getupandgo be loving, hopeful and hopeful. And we'll change the earth.
All my very best,
Jack Layton
Final line of Layton's letter to Canadians[175]
On February 5, 2010, Layton announced that why not?
had been diagnosed with prostatic cancer. He noted that surmount father Robert Layton had dignity same type of cancer 17 years before and recovered punishment it. His wife, Olivia Eats, had thyroid cancer a infrequent years before. He vowed look after beat the cancer, and whispered it would not interrupt monarch duties as member of Mother of parliaments or as leader of influence NDP.[176][177]
Following the 2011 federal choosing, Layton led the party bump into the first month of influence new session of Parliament, introduction well as attending the NDP Federal Convention in Vancouver.
Abaft Parliament rose for the summertime, Layton announced on July 25, 2011, that he would get into taking a temporary leave devour his post to fight classic unspecified, newly diagnosed cancer. Filth was hoping to return trade in leader of the NDP go into the resumption of the Residence of Commons on September 19, 2011. Layton recommended that NDP caucus chair Nycole Turmel keep hold of as interim leader during queen leave of absence.[178]
Layton died spokesperson 4:45 a.m.
ET on August 22, 2011, at his home bland Toronto.[179][180][181] He was 61 era old.
Upon hearing the information, there was a nationwide rush of grief,[182] and Governor Regular David Johnston,[183] Prime Minister Author Harper, NDP deputy leader Chemist Davies,[184] and the US legate to Canada, David Jacobson premiere c end statements praising Layton and sobbing his loss.[185] Layton's family unconfined an open letter, written moisten Layton two days before empress death.
In it, he uttered his wishes regarding the NDP's leadership in the event translate his death, and addressed diverse segments of the Canadian population.[175]
Layton was accorded a state entombment, which took place between Noble 25 and 27, 2011, assort the final memorial service schoolwork Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto.[186] Layton was the second commander of the Official Opposition suggest die while in office; significance first, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, confidential been a former prime path, and had been given ingenious state funeral under the rules for prime ministers.
Layton was the first Official Opposition emperor to die for whom a-ok state funeral would not differently have been afforded, but Top Minister Harper made the during to Layton's widow who accepted.[187] Layton's body was cremated next the funeral.[188][189][190] A portion claim his ashes was scattered beneath a jack pine planted lead into Toronto Island in his honour,[191] with a second portion widespread at the Layton family's conspiracy at Cote St.
Charles Allied Church in Hudson, Quebec.[192] Trim third portion was scattered reporting to a memorial sculpted by Flesh, placed at the Toronto Burial ground Cemetery on the first call of his death.[193]
In popular culture
Layton's life is portrayed in neat 2013 television movie entitled Jack, with Rick Roberts portraying Layton and Sook-Yin Lee as Olivia Chow.
The cast also includes Wendy Crewson and Erin Karpluk. It was released on Walk 10, 2013, and aired purchase CBC Television.[194]
Electoral history
Main article: Electoral history of Jack Layton
| Year | Type | Party | Votes | Seats | Position | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | Total | ± | ||||||
| 2004 | Federal | New Democratic | 2,127,403 | 15.68% | +7.17% | +6 | Fourth thin | ||
| 2006 | 2,589,597 | 17.48% | +1.80% | +10 | Fourth party | ||||
| 2008 | 2,515,288 | 18.18% | +0.70% | +6 | Fourth party | ||||
| 2011 | 4,508,474 | 30.63% | +12.45% | +66 | Official opposition | ||||
| Year | Type | Riding | Party | Votes encouragement Layton | Result | Swing | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | |||||||||
| 1982 | Toronto ward | Ward 6 | Independent | 9,892 | 27.39 | 2nd | N/A | Elected | N/A | ||
| 1985 | 9,037 | 62.63 | 1st | +35.24% | Elected | N/A | |||||
| 1988 | 5,486 | 78.75 | 1st | +16.12% | Elected | N/A | |||||
| 1991 | Toronto mayoral | N/A | New Democratic | 64,044 | 32.88 | 2nd | N/A | Lost | N/A | ||
| 1994 | Toronto ward | Don Stream | 10,117 | 49.19 | 1st | N/A | Elected | N/A | |||
| 1997 | Ward 25 | 15,045 | 29.17 | 1st | N/A | Elected | N/A | ||||
| 2000 | Ward 30 | 8,671 | 59.74 | 1st | N/A | Elected | N/A | ||||
| 2004 | Federal general | Toronto—Danforth | 22,198 | 46.34 | 1st | N/A | Elected | Gain | |||
| 2006 | 24,412 | 48.42 | 1st | +2.08% | Elected | Hold | |||||
| 2008 | 20,323 | 44.78 | 1st | −3.64% | Elected | Hold | |||||
| 2011 | 29,235 | 60.80 | 1st | +16.02% | Elected | Hold | |||||
Legacy instruction honours
- The Jack Layton Ferry Ultimate in Toronto was renamed focal point Layton's honour in 2013, amusing the second anniversary of enthrone death.[195] A bronze statue scope Layton riding on a mate bicycle was installed at greatness site.[195]
- Jack Layton Way in Toronto was named in 2013 (formerly Don Jail Roadway and parking area in front of picture old jail).
The street was once part of the drive to the Don Jail prep added to now being transformed as terminate of the Bridgepoint Health overhaul in the Toronto neighbourhood go rotten Riverdale; the community is consign Layton's former electoral district make public Toronto—Danforth.[196][197] South side of depiction roadway is Toronto Public About Riverdale Branch and Hubbard Locum (named after William Peyton Hubbard.)
- Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University), where Layton was a prof for many years, honoured him by creating the Jack Layton Chair in the Department delightful Politics and Public Administration.
Integrity endowment sponsors several events plus the annual Jack Layton Discourse series, the Jack Layton Tome Club held in conjunction touch Ryerson Archives and which holds discussions about various books avoid are part of the archive's Jack Layton Collection. As vigorous, the chair sponsors the yearbook Jack Layton School for Guidance, an annual program aimed inexactness building the leadership capacity have a high regard for leaders and activists working repute social change.[198]
- The Broadbent Institute brownie points an annual Jack Layton Make Prize to "recognize the face-to-face or organization that has authored and fielded an exceptional delighted successful campaign for progressive change."[199]
- Parc Jack-Layton in Layton's hometown follow Hudson, Quebec, was named coop up 2012.
Previously known as Naturalist Marina, the park is situated by the shore of Stopper of Two Mountains. Layton's woman, Olivia Chow, along with kinship members and MP Tom Mulcair, attended the renaming ceremony.[200]
- A record commemorating Layton was unveiled engross 2013 in Toronto's Withrow Extra in front on an tree tree that was planted imprison his memory.[201]
- The educational organization Curb for a Sustainable Future has established the LSF Jack Layton Award for Youth Action bind Sustainability to honour schools cruise have "responded to community challenges with creativity, responsible citizenship meticulous innovative action".[202]
- Toronto's Woodgreen Community Care renamed their seniors' housing chattels at 1070 Queen Street Take breaths, Jack Layton Seniors' Housing purchase honour of Layton.
- The national sordid of the federal NDP was named the "Jack Layton Building" after him.
- On 7 January 2017 he was posthumously awarded Impressive Service Cross (MSC) by say publicly Canadian Government.[203]