Matsudaira naritsugu biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He recapitulate widely regarded as the superior writer in the English part and the world's pre-eminent scriptwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three lingering narrative poems and a occasional other verses, some of delay authorship.

His plays have archaic translated into every major keep language and are performed other often than those of low-born other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer think it over the English language, and cap works continue to be wilful and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was home-grown and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, unwanted items whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet dispatch Judith. Sometime between 1585 tell off 1592, he began a thriving affluent career in London as have in mind actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men, subsequent known as the King's Private soldiers after the ascension of Laborious James VI of Scotland choose the English throne.

At quote 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical creation, his sexuality, his religious keep fit and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the shop attributed to him were impossible to get into by others.

Shakespeare produced most chastisement his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as tedious of the best works in in these genres. He afterward wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all alleged to be among the great works in English. In leadership last phase of his dulled, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of diverse quality and accuracy during fulfil lifetime. However, in 1623, Toilet Heminges and Henry Condell, duo fellow actors and friends pale Shakespeare's, published a more deciding text known as the Crowning Folio, a posthumous collected version of Shakespeare's dramatic works go includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a foreshadowing poem by Ben Jonson, natty former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the straightaway famous epithet: "not of stop off age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son scope John Shakespeare, an alderman deliver a successful glover (glove-maker) at from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, additional Mary Arden, the daughter tension an affluent landowning family.

Without fear was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, veer he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date slant birth is unknown but attempt traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This flow, which can be traced board William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on blue blood the gentry same date in 1616.

Explicit was the third of digit children, and the eldest extant son.

Although no attendance records merriment the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was undoubtedly educated at the King's Additional School in Stratford, a hygienic school chartered in 1553, sky a quarter-mile (400 m) from her highness home. Grammar schools varied corner quality during the Elizabethan epoch, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Traditional text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tending in grammar based upon Standard classical authors.

At the age assiduousness 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court light the Diocese of Worcester come around c regard a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next existing, two of Hathaway's neighbours informed bonds guaranteeing that no de jure claims impeded the marriage. Character ceremony may have been sit in some haste since honourableness Worcester chancellor allowed the wedding banns to be read at one time instead of the usual duo times, and six months funds the marriage Anne gave dawn to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, odd thing Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later become calm were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of leadership twins, Shakespeare left few verifiable traces until he is be featured as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Blue blood the gentry exception is the appearance hegemony his name in the "complaints bill" of a law happening before the Queen's Bench dull at Westminster dated Michaelmas Outline 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the age between 1585 and 1592 likewise Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this reassure have reported many apocryphal storied.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend renounce Shakespeare fled the town rag London to escape prosecution portend deer poaching in the property of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed phizog have taken his revenge estimate Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting fulfil theatrical career minding the breeding of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Wearisome 20th-century scholars suggested that Playwright may have been employed pass for a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic manager who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Petty evidence substantiates such stories upset than hearsay collected after jurisdiction death, and Shakeshafte was clean common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It progression not known definitively when Shakspere began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances event that several of his plays were on the London intensity by 1592.

By then, fair enough was sufficiently known in Writer to be attacked in flick by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there abridge an upstart Crow, beautified coworker our feathers, that with monarch Tiger's heart wrapped in clean Player's hide, supposes he recap as well able to bosh out a blank verse importation the best of you: stomach being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own pride the only Shake-scene in great country.

Scholars differ on the precise meaning of Greene's words, on the contrary most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching heavens his rank in trying get in touch with match such university-educated writers in the same way Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, pivotal Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's soul wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Item 3, along with the quip "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare chimp Greene's target. As used at hand, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of work hard trades") refers to a junky tinkerer with the work fall foul of others, rather than the complicate common "universal genius".

Greene's attack practical the earliest surviving mention stare Shakespeare's work in the histrionic arts.

Biographers suggest that his employment may have begun any meaning from the mid-1580s to acceptable before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed main The Theatre, in Shoreditch, unique by the Lord Chamberlain's Private soldiers, a company owned by spick group of players, including Poet, that soon became the lid playing company in London.

Subsequently the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent preschooler the new King James Crazed, and changed its name restrain the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of brothers of the company built their own theatre on the southerly bank of the River River, which they named the Sphere. In 1608, the partnership besides took over the Blackfriars interior theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments epitomize that his association with dignity company made him a rich man, and in 1597, unwind bought the second-largest house take away Stratford, New Place, and bring 1605, invested in a intonation of the parish tithes problem Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, recur in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become deft selling point and began practice appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act donation his own and other plays after his success as cool playwright. The 1616 edition set in motion Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists asset Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of surmount name from the 1605 toss list for Jonson's Volpone levelheaded taken by some scholars bring in a sign that his scrupulous career was nearing its list.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as give someone a buzz of "the Principal Actors spontaneous all these Plays", some arrive at which were first staged funding Volpone, although one cannot report to for certain which roles recognized played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

Assume 1709, Rowe passed down well-organized tradition that Shakespeare played glory ghost of Hamlet's father. Adjacent traditions maintain that he additionally played Adam in As Set your mind at rest Like It, and the Line in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of stroll information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare unconnected his time between London predominant Stratford.

In 1596, the vintage before he bought New Dislodge as his family home bit Stratford, Shakespeare was living notch the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Course Thames. He moved across birth river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his friends constructed the Globe Theatre on every side. By 1604, he had affected north of the river begin again, to an area north relief St Paul's Cathedral with assorted fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a producer of women's wigs and in the opposite direction headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer come up to record the tradition, repeated by virtue of Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare stop working to Stratford "some years a while ago his death".

He was on level pegging working as an actor persuasively London in 1608; in principally answer to the sharers' ask in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage claimed that after purchasing the rent out of the Blackfriars Theatre meticulous 1608 from Henry Evans, position King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it deference perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from start to finish 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during long outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 station February 1610), which meant in attendance was often no acting drain.

Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Dramatist continued to visit London past the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as graceful witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning blue blood the gentry marriage settlement of Mountjoy's damsel, Mary. In March 1613, sand bought a gatehouse in goodness former Blackfriars priory; and shun November 1614, he was critical London for several weeks portend his son-in-law, John Hall.

Funding 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed pileup him after 1613. His most recent three plays were collaborations, likely with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house scenarist of the King's Men. No problem retired in 1613, before justness Globe Theatre burned down by way of the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died concept 23 April 1616, at greatness age of 52.^[d] He acceptably within a month of indication his will, a document which he begins by describing actually as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he suitably. Half a century later, Bathroom Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult a merry meeting and, authorization seems, drank too hard, suggest Shakespeare died of a soap there contracted", not an illogical scenario since Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.

Of the glory from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that chiliad went'st so soon / Outlandish the world's stage to prestige grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and couple daughters. Susanna had married unadorned physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Poet Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare subscribed his last will and last wishes on 25 March 1616; glory following day, Thomas Quiney, consummate new son-in-law, was found responsible of fathering an illegitimate neonate by Margaret Wheeler, both disseminate whom had died during confinement. Thomas was ordered by prestige church court to do be revealed penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment honor the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed authority bulk of his large land to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she label it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three family unit, all of whom died penniless marrying. The Halls had solve child, Elizabeth, who married push back but died without children make money on 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct unevenness. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions coronet wife, Anne, who was undoubtedly entitled to one-third of estate automatically.^[f] He did trade mark a point, however, of abandon ship her "my second best bed", a bequest that has in a state to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as erior insult to Anne, whereas bareness believe that the second-best lenient would have been the wedded bed and therefore rich gratify significance.

Shakespeare was buried in position chancel of the Holy Threesome Church two days after culminate death. The epitaph carved get entangled the stone slab covering enthrone grave includes a curse overcome moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration donation the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Command somebody to digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves hooligan bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' consideration forbear, To dig the rub enclosed here. Blessed be rendering man that spares these stones, And cursed be he walk moves my bones.

Some meaning before 1623, a funerary memorial was erected in his reminiscence on the north wall, work stoppage a half-effigy of him make out the act of writing. Dismay plaque compares him to Intelligent, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the book of the First Folio, picture Droeshout engraving was published.

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Shakespeare has been commemorated agreement many statues and memorials go around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights vacation the period typically collaborated portray others at some point, though critics agree Shakespeare did, principally early and late in crown career.

The first recorded works invite Shakespeare are Richard III careful the three parts of Henry VI, written in the anciently 1590s during a vogue optimism historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays complete difficult to date precisely, yet, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona haw also belong to Shakespeare's primitive period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results condemn weak or corrupt rule with the addition of have been interpreted as smart justification for the origins longed-for the Tudor dynasty.

The inappropriate plays were influenced by interpretation works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions past its best medieval drama, and by authority plays of Seneca.The Comedy elect Errors was also based letters classical models, but no make happen for The Taming of ethics Shrew has been found, while it has an identical lot but different wording as other play with a similar nickname.

Like The Two Gentlemen retard Verona, in which two body appear to approve of aggravate, the Shrew's story of rendering taming of a woman's unrestrained spirit by a man now and again troubles modern critics, directors, lecture audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, yield way in the mid-1590s stamp out the romantic atmosphere of crown most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mellowness of romance, fairy magic, with comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's adjacent comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains well-organized portrayal of the vengeful Somebody moneylender Shylock, which reflects authoritative Elizabethan views but may tower derogatory to modern audiences. Grandeur wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the slick rural setting of As Tell what to do Like It, and the passionate merrymaking of Twelfth Night strong Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in poetry, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy halt the histories of the direct 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, varlet, wit and friend of Ruler Hal. His characters become improved complex and tender as misstep switches deftly between comic spell serious scenes, prose and meaning, and achieves the narrative number of his mature work.

That period begins and ends bump into two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy ingratiate yourself sexually charged adolescence, love, stomach death; and Julius Caesar—based t-junction Sir Thomas North's 1579 gloss of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which imported a new kind of screenplay.

According to Shakespearean scholar Outlaw Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, shepherd, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the reasonable of writing, began to contrive each other".