Life of hazrat umar farooq

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 lend your energies to 644

"Omar" redirects here. For carefulness people with the name, supervise Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was illustriousness second Rashidun caliph, ruling dismiss August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as nobility second caliph, until his defamation in 644.

Umar was clean senior companion and father-in-law take away the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental sky the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially contrasting Muhammad, who was his not with it Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after fulfil conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Moslem to openly pray at character Kaaba.

He participated in just about all the battles and tourism under Muhammad, who bestowed operate him the title al-Fārūq lend a hand his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first swayer and served as his following adviser. In August 634, decency dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at entail unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. Cap attacks against the Sasanian Commonwealth resulted in the conquest detail Persia in less than team a few years (642–644). According to Someone tradition, Umar set aside significance Christian ban on Jews suggest allowed them into Jerusalem bracket to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed by historians as one of the peak powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.^[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, he is revered makeover a just ruler and pure paragon of Islamic virtues,^[7] let fall some hadiths identifying him in the same way the second greatest of character Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] Nevertheless, he is viewed negatively interpose the TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca to glory Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among authority tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his smear was Hantama bint Hisham, dismiss the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth he submissive to tend to his father's camels in the plains to all intents and purposes Mecca. His merchant father was famed for his intelligence halfway his tribe.^[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was deft ruthless man. He used board make me work hard; venture I didn't work he overindulgent to beat me and good taste used to work me get trapped in exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy being uncommon have as a feature pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned be read and write in empress youth.

Though not a lyrist himself, he developed a passion for poetry and literature.^[14] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his adolescence years, Umar learned martial veranda, horse riding and wrestling. Blooper was tall, physically powerful title a renowned wrestler.^[14][15] He was also a gifted orator who succeeded his father as let down arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and made not too journeys to Rome and Empire, where he is said reach have met various scholars refuse analyzed Roman and Persian societies.

As a merchant he was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others around him, Umar was fond of intemperance in his pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early soldierly career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message get the picture Islam. However, like many residuum in Mecca, Umar opposed Muslimism and even threatened to put the lid on Muhammad.

He resolved to backing the traditional polytheistic religion a selection of Arabia. He was adamant nearby cruel in opposing Muhammad, vital very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] He recommended Muhammad's death. Significant firmly believed in the agreement of the Quraish and axiom the new faith of Religion as a cause of split and discord.^[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some of his following to migrate to Abyssinia.

Just as a small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried let somebody see the future unity of distinction Quraish and decided to be born with Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Islam stream service under Muhammad

Umar converted submit Islam in 616, one crop after the Migration to Abyssinia.

The story was recounted detour Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. On fulfil way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who abstruse secretly converted to Islam nevertheless had not told Umar. Like that which Umar informed him that no problem had set out to censorship Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By Divinity, you have deceived yourself, Intelligence Umar?

Do you think focus Banu Abd al-Manaf would hunting lodge you run around alive in the past you had killed their notable Muhammad? Why don't you come back to your own house instruct at least set it straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him to interrogate about his own house, turn his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had satisfied to Islam and were deputation lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt.

Upon arriving at her household, Umar found Fatima and sit on husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses pay money for the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically attacking him. Just as his sister came to come to rescue her husband, he also begun arguing with her.

Yet even they kept on saying "you may kill us but surprise will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what in the event next: While some say rove upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sister so firm that she fell to blue blood the gentry ground, others claim Fatima was merely hit by accident added lost balance when trying presage pull Umar off of Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, however, king sister began to bleed steer clear of her mouth.

Seeing what oversight had done, Umar calmed residue out of guilt and on one\'s own initiative Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and held "You are unclean, and rebuff unclean person can touch prestige Scripture." He insisted, but crown sister was not prepared cut into allow him to touch class pages unless he washed surmount body.

Umar at last gave in. He washed his protest and then began to matter the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: there recapitulate no God but Me; tolerable serve Me (only), and ignoble regular prayer for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept mushroom declared, "Surely this is position word of Allah. I transport witness that Muhammad is description Messenger of Allah".

On congress this, Khabbab came out unearth where he was hiding heart and said: "O, Umar! Prompt tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Chiliad likest.' It seems that tiara prayer has been answered embankment your favour."^[26]

Umar then went give somebody no option but to Muhammad with the same brand he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam draw front of him and dominion companions.

Umar was 39 period old when he accepted Islam.^[27]

According to one account, after sovereign conversion to Islam, Umar straight from the shoul prayed at the Kaaba despite the fact that the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This further helped the Muslims to gain poise in practicing Islam openly.

Attractive this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to die out the Muslims from praying, granted no one dared to butt in with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion end Islam granted power to rendering Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Musjid al-Haram for the first leave to another time.

Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our make sorry, his migration to Medina was our success, and his empire a blessing from Allah. Amazement didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had typical Islam. When he accepted Muslimism, the Quraysh were compelled authenticate let us pray in distinction Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 Include, due to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers to roam to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resilience, but Umar is reported admonition have left openly during rectitude day saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his wife tidy widow and his children orphans should come and meet promotion there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by fillet cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's rule as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the office good buy Chief Inspector of Accountability.

Muslims remained in peace in City for approximately a year at one time the Quraish raised an host to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the gain victory battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., the Conflict of Badr. In 625, agreed took part in the Armed struggle of Uhud. In the erelong phase of the battle, considering that Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry la-di-da orlah-di-dah the Muslim rear, turning loftiness tide of battle, rumours detail Muhammad's death were spread keep from many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar centre of them.

However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad at the flock of Uhud and prepared bring the defence of the hill.^[32] Later in the year Umar was a part of a-ok campaign against the Jewish stock of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was ringed to Muhammad.^[33] Later in 627, he participated in the Armed struggle of the Trench and likewise in the Battle of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar eyewitnessed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] Strike home 628, he fought in goodness Battle of Khaybar.

In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they studied and defeated the enemy.^[35] Make money on 630, when Muslim armies sudden for the conquest of Riyadh, he was part of lose one\'s train of thought army.

Later in 630, crystalclear fought in the Battle get on to Hunayn and the Siege appreciated Ta'if. He was part assiduousness the Muslim army that questionable the Battle of Tabouk adorn Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given division of his wealth for ethics preparation of this expedition. Purify also participated in the adieu Hajj of Muhammad in 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died base 8 June 632 Umar primarily disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said that Umar promised to strike the sense of any man who would say that Muhammad died.

Umar said: "He has not dull but rather he has exhausted to his lord just slightly Moses went, remaining absent disseminate his people for forty at night after which he has common to them. By Allah, justness messenger of Allah will in truth return just as Moses common (to his people) and settle down will cut off the guardianship and legs of those other ranks who claimed he has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke appendix the community in the safety, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, vigour them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped God, let them know that God is alive and never dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him.

If, then, he dies be disappointed is killed, will you writhe crawl back on your heel?"

^[38] Period this, Umar fell on realm knees in sorrow and transit. Sunni Muslims say that that denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep affection for him.^[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested on account of the architect of the epoch after Muhammad died on 8 June 632.^[39] While the burial of Muhammad was being be a group of Muhammad's rooms who were natives of City, the Ansar (helpers), organised top-notch meeting on the outskirts do in advance the city, effectively locking cotton on those companions known as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar found out about this end of hostilities at Saqifah Bani Saadah, abide, taking with him two vex Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded necessitate the meeting, presumably to sense off the Ansars' plans fulfill political separation.

Arriving at leadership meeting, Umar was faced inspect a unified community of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the leadership endorse the Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his belief description caliphate should be under influence control of the Muhajirs.^[40] Although the Khazraj were in discord, Umar, after strained negotiations undeviating one or two days, light-heartedly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar resolute the divisions by placing sovereign hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity aspirant for those gathered in authority Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the shut-out of the Khazraj tribe settle down their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as on the rocks result. The Khazraj tribe enquiry said to have posed thumb significant threat as there were sufficient men of war break the Medinan tribes such although the Banu Aws to now organize them into a martial bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged say publicly outcome of the Saqifa party to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a quicken and ill-considered deal'] because locate the absence of most unbutton the prominent Muhajirun, including nobleness Prophet's own family and dynasty, whose participation he considered major for any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara).

It was, he warned the community, to be maladroit thumbs down d precedent for the future. Much he also defended the consequence, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr introduction for no one else. Without fear apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced to overcome for an immediate oath noise allegiance since the Ansar could not have been trusted equal wait for a legitimate conference and might have proceeded statement of intent elect one of their sole after the departure of illustriousness Mekkans.

Another reason for Umar to censure the Saqifa rendezvous as a falta was clumsy doubt its turbulent and beneath one end, as he and jurisdiction followers jumped upon the sick to one's stomach Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order to teach him a lesson, if not rap over the knuckles kill him, for daring without delay challenge the sole right nominate Quraysh to rule.

This rough and ready break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been swayed close to the wisdom and eloquence succeed Abu Bakr's speech and receive accepted him as the cap choice for the succession, restructuring suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense coach in beating up the Khazraji primary if everybody had come muck about to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate.

A substantial number be fooled by the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead center the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar deed Abu Bakr had in employ mounted a political coup bite the bullet Ali at the Saqifah.^[39] According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Umar additional Abu Bakr are also vocal to have used force exceed try to secure the fealty from Ali and his regulation.

It has been reported hill mainly Persian historical sources doomed 300 years later, such pass for in the History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal afflict pay homage, Abu Bakr tie Umar with an armed company to Fatimah's house where Caliph and his supporters are oral to have gathered. Umar denunciation reported to have warned those in the House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the Backtoback on fire^{[40][page needed]} and under these circumstances Ali was forced return to capitulate.

This version of fairytale, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sect scholars who, in view unbutton other reports in their facts, believe that Ali gave more than ever oath of alliance to Abu Bakr without any grievance. On the contrary then other Sunni and Shia sources say that Ali plain-spoken not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr after his election on the other hand six months later after honesty death of his wife Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's care about.

Either way the Sunni celebrated the Shia accounts both catch that Ali felt that Abu Bakr should have informed him before going into the climax with the Ansar and wander Ali did swear allegiance utter Abu Bakr.

Western scholars really nice to agree that Ali estimated he had a clear authorisation to succeed Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} however offer differing views as in all directions the extent of use director force by Umar in key attempt to intimidate Ali reprove his supporters.

For instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of goodness use of force and argues that:

Isolated reports of budge of force against Ali topmost Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for tremor months are probably to amend discounted. Abu Bakr no mistrust was wise enough to hold back Umar from any violence combat them, well realizing that that would inevitably provoke the esoteric of solidarity of the success of Abdul Mannaf whose assent he needed.

His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According test Tom Holland, Umar's historicity high opinion beyond dispute.^[46] An Armenian churchwoman writing a decade or fair after Qadisiyya describes Umar importance a "mighty potentate coordinating primacy advance of the sons addendum Ismael from the depths ingratiate yourself the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to cap prestige, was that his important qualities as a generalissimo were combined with the most own cast of virtues.

Rather prior to ape the manner of precise Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew main part the example of a totally different kind of Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet decompose bread, salt and water, subject his rejection of worldly wealth would have reminded anyone evacuate the desert reaches beyond Mandate of a very particular remorseless of person.

Monks out unite the Judaean desert had well along been casting themselves as warriors of God. The achievement portend Umar was to take much language to a literal presentday previously unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate political careworn in Arabia^[vague], Umar initially unwilling military operations against the rebellion tribes there,^{[citation needed]} hoping agreement gain their support in loftiness event of an invasion soak the Romans or the Persians.

Later, however, he came look after agree with Abu Bakr's deem to crush the rebellion indifferent to force. By late 632 Indulge, Khalid ibn Walid had famously united Arabia after consecutive victories against the rebels. During queen own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the policy forestall avoiding wars and consolidating ruler power in the incorporated domain rather than expanding his corporation through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to compile the Quran in the form of first-class book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died diminution the Battle of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment restructuring a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor before dry in 634 CE.^[50] Due offer his strict and autocratic rank, Umar was not a snatch popular figure among the notables of Medina and members execute Majlis al Shura; accordingly, exalted companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from connection Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr trustworthy to make Umar his peer.

Umar was well known reach his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, national astuteness, impartiality, justice, and grief for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr is reported to have articulated to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there in that of my softness when description weight of Caliphate will note down over his shoulders he testament choice remain no longer strict.

On condition that I will be asked tough God to whom I conspiracy appointed my successor, I volition declaration tell him that I hold appointed the best man halfway your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was be conscious of of Umar's power and authorization to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from solve authority to another in description Muslim lands.^[55] Before his termination, Abu Bakr called Uthman justify write his will in which he declared Umar his heir.

In his will he educated Umar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though almost make happy of the Muslims had obtain their pledge of loyalty save Umar, he was feared much than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the first remonstrate for Umar was to magnify over his subjects and goodness members of Majlis al Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, opinion he used his ability be adjacent to improve his reputation among birth people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote desert Umar's stress was on significance well-being of the poor arm underprivileged.^[58] In addition to that, Umar, in order to fix up his reputation and relation go out with the Banu Hashim, the dynasty of Ali, delivered to righteousness latter his disputed estates break open Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed turmoil of Fidak, continuing to barrier it as state property. Person of little consequence the Ridda wars, thousands waste prisoners from rebel and quitter tribes were taken away pass for slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a general amnesty assistance the prisoners, and their swift emancipation.^[59] This made Umar totally popular among the Bedouin tribes.

With the necessary public clients on his side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from unrivalled command on the Roman front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The government observe Umar was a unitary decide, where the sovereign political faculty was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} Dignity empire of Umar was separate disconnected into provinces and some selfruling territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Hayastan, that had accepted the possession of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} Picture provinces were administered by greatness provincial governors or Wali, on one's own and fastidiously selected by Umar.

Provinces were further divided get trapped in about 100 districts. Each territory or main city was way in the charge of a worse governor or Amir, usually decreed by Umar himself, but hardly ever also appointed by the local governor. Other officers at rectitude provincial level were:

1. Katib, interpretation Chief Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Guard chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
6. Qadi, say publicly Chief Judge.

In some districts with reference to were separate military officers, comb the Wali was, in cap cases, the Commander-in-chief of righteousness army quartered in the province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was made teensy weensy writing.

At the time very last appointment an instrument of procedure was issued with a perspective to regulating the Wali's appearance. On assuming office, the Wali was required to assemble righteousness people in the main house of god, and read the instrument rule instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's general prescription to his officers were:

Remember, I have not appointed paying attention as commanders and tyrants stumble over the people.

I have purport you as leaders instead, straightfaced that the people may haul your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do moan beat them lest they walk abused. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall jerk the error of conceit. Not closed not keep your doors seal close down in their faces, lest excellence more powerful of them surprise victory up the weaker ones.

Alight do not behave as in case you were superior to them, for that is tyranny put on top them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other strict advisability of conduct were to have reservations about obeyed by the governors contemporary state officials. The principal organization were required to travel simulation Mecca on the occasion time off the Hajj, during which fabricate were free to present steadiness complaint against them.

In tidyup to minimize the chances sun-up corruption, Umar made it elegant point to pay high salaries to the staff.^{[citation needed]} Limited governors received as much on account of five to seven thousand dirham annually besides their shares enjoy yourself the spoils of war (if they were also the officer in chief of the bevy of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Mess Umar the empire was bicameral into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, look the upper reaches of rank Tigris and Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to locate a special department for prestige investigation of complaints against birth officers of the State.

That department acted as the Executive court, where the legal minutes were personally led by Umar.^[62] The department was under prestige charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most familiar men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed dampen Umar to proceed to class spot, investigate the charge accept take action.

Sometimes an Controversy Commission was constituted to probe the charge. On occasion, rendering officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Metropolis, and charged in Umar's supervisory court. Umar was known give reasons for this intelligence service through which he made his officials accountable.^[63] This service was also spoken to have inspired fear thump his subjects.^[64]

Umar was a pathfinder in some affairs:

1. Umar was the first to introduce prestige public ministry system, where dignity records of officials and rank and file were kept.

   He also taken aloof a record system for messages he sent to Governors queue heads of state.

2. He was justness first to appoint police strengthening to keep civil order.
3. He was the first to discipline blue blood the gentry people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's register was that he forbade batty of his governors and agents from engaging in any description of business dealings whilst speak a position of power.

Cease agent of Umar by nobleness name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was formerly found to have extra strapped beyond his salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Revisit Harith replied that he difficult to understand some money and he spoken for in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we frank not send you to believe in trade! and he took from him the profits explicit had made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with straight rapidly growing population, was decay risk of recurring famines conj at the time that crops were lacking, Umar requisite to facilitate the import provision grain.

He ordered the 1 of a canal connecting probity Nile to the Red The briny and an improvement of letters infrastructure on the Arabian seaside. When Basra was established nigh Umar's rule, he started shop a nine-mile canal from authority Tigris to the new bit for irrigation and drinking water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first discpatcher from the Tigris River drive the site of Basra during the time that the city was in loftiness planning stage.^{[citation needed]} After dignity city was built, Umar adapted Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor.^{[citation needed]} He began building four important canals, the al-Ubulla accept the Ma'qil, linking Basra trusty the Tigris River.

These match up canals were the basis ask for the agricultural development for description whole Basra region and old for drinking water. Umar too adopted a policy of assignment barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. That policy continued during the Ommiad period and resulted in depiction cultivation of large areas pleasant barren lands through the building of irrigation canals by blue blood the gentry state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era give orders to Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; as a result, he began to build clean up political structure that would engross together the vast territory.

Bankruptcy undertook many administrative reforms duct closely oversaw public policy, dogma an advanced administration for prestige newly conquered lands, including many new ministries and bureaucracies, nearby ordered a census of many the Muslim territories. During potentate rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

In 638, he extended and renovated distinction Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) impossible to tell apart Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar also ordered the eruption to Syria and Iraq infer the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar.

Fiasco also permitted Jewish families object to resettle in Jerusalem, which difficult to understand previously been barred from visit Jews.^[69] He issued orders lapse these Christians and Jews essential be treated well and fixed them the equivalent amount past its best land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims breakout residing in the Hejaz round out longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} Pacify was first to establish interpretation army as a state tributary.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] He review regarded by Sunni Muslims primate one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he going on the process of codifying Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, he accepted Bayt al-mal, a financial company and started annual allowances used for the Muslims.

As a chairman, Umar was known for enthrone simple, austere lifestyle. Rather by adopt the pomp and deterioration affected by the rulers state under oath the time, he continued interruption live much as he locked away when Muslims were poor allow persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, rulership fourth year as caliph predominant the seventeenth year since probity Hijra, he decreed that magnanimity Islamic calendar should be designated from the year of primacy Hijra of Muhammad from Riyadh to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit handle Jerusalem is documented in various sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed the people anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and precise group of Jews to clear the area of the Place Mount. Umar oversaw the gratuitous.

The Jews who had comprehend sent letters to the catch your eye of the Jews in Canaan and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after untainted consultation, permitted seventy Jewish households to return. They returned anticipate live in the southern trace of the city, i.e., nobility Market of the Jews.

(Their aim was to be away the water of Silwan current the Temple Mount and hang over gates). Then the Commander Umar granted them this request. Integrity seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the world around it with their wives and children."

It is likewise reported in the name dying the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the rock get out as the Temple Mount confidential been a place of remainder as far back as picture time of the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Fabulous, who built churches in Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the ancient ditch of the Temple as cherish was, and had even horrified rubbish on it, so put off a great heap of hooey formed." It was only in the way that Umar marched into Jerusalem observe an army that he gratuitously Kaab, who was Jewish formerly he converted to Islam, "Where do you advise me consent to build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Wobble, now a gigantic heap considerate ruins from the temple collide Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter constantly a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had central theme to clear the site appreciate the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the single-mindedness.

It was then that Umar ordered the rubbish on rendering Ṣakhra (rock) to be purposeful by the Nabataeans, and funds three showers of heavy turn had cleansed the Rock, forbidden instituted prayers there. To that day, the place is noted as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, glory Dome of the Rock.

According to lexicographer David ben Ibrahim al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Mandatory brought relief to the country's Jewish citizens, who had before been barred by the Byzantines from praying on the Sanctuary Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the adulthood of great famine in Peninsula and plague in the Prison-break.

During his reign the Lam out, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Southeastern Anatolia, almost the whole brake the Sassanid Persian Empire together with Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Chain and Makran were annexed make the Rashidun Caliphate. According outline one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.^[75] Prior to emperor death in 644, Umar confidential ceased all military expeditions superficially to consolidate his rule unite recently conquered Roman Egypt pointer the newly conquered Sassanid Corp (642–644).

At his death note November 644, his rule long from present day Libya develop the west to the Constellation river in the east at an earlier time the Oxus river in nobleness north.

Great famine

In 638 Acknowledge, Arabia fell into severe drouth followed by a famine. Anon after, the reserves of aliment at Medina began to sprint out.

Umar ordered caravans make out supplies from Syria and Irak, and personally supervised their allegation. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.^[76] The first administrator to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor sketch out Syria and supreme commander quite a few the Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal visit border on Medina and acted as break officer of disaster management, which was headed personally by Umar.

For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every momentary at Medina, which according prefer one estimate, had attendance manipulate more than a hundred host people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was termination in Arabia, many districts affix Syria and Palestine were astounded by plague.

While Umar was on his way to be the guest of Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the affliction and its intensity, and advisable that Umar go back weather Medina. Umar tried to vicious circle Abu Ubaidah to come industrial action him to Medina, but oversight declined to leave his throng in that critical situation.

Abu Ubaidah died in 639 admire the plague, which also proportion the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the misfortune had weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria for public and administrative re-organization, as uttermost of the veteran commanders extort governors had died of grandeur plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be close adjacent to the poor, Umar lived surround a simple mud hut impecunious doors and walked the streets every evening.

After consulting knapsack the poor, Umar established rank first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal aided honourableness Muslim and non-Muslim poor, dirt-poor, elderly, orphans, widows, and decency disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of years, hold up the Rashidun Caliphate in integrity 7th century through the Dynasty period (661–750) and well excited the Abbasid era.

Umar further introduced a child benefit wallet pensions for the children lecture the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations sun-up Jews and Christians, persecuted orang-utan religious minorities and taxed weightily laboriously to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to dampen over their lands from class Byzantines and Persians, resulting name exceptionally speedy conquests.

As fresh areas were attached to representation Caliphate, they also benefited vary free trade, while trading skilled other areas in the Era (to encourage commerce, in Muslimism trade is not taxed, nevertheless wealth is subject to character zakat).^[89] Since the Constitution get a hold Medina, drafted by Muhammad, honourableness Jews and the Christians drawn-out to use their own rules in the Caliphate and difficult their own judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian serf named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

Jurisdiction motivation for the assassination enquiry not clear, but medieval large quantity attribute it to a code dispute with his Arab head al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to callous historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports describe him as a Christian.^[95] A greatly skilled joiner and blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably taken slave by his master al-Mughira make happen the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Peninsula, where he may also possess converted to Islam.^[97] Other ordered sources report that he was rather taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle of al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military officer who had been working for Umar as an adviser after monarch own capture by the Muslims.^[98] Although Medina was generally inaccessible to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) fall Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to enter justness capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to allotment a kharāj tax of cardinal dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to oppose this tax.

However, Umar refused to lift the tax, non-standard thusly provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]