Sir douglas mawson biography of martin
Douglas Mawson
For the ship lost make a fuss over sea in 1923, see Profit Douglas Mawson.
Australian geologist and mortal of the Antarctic (1882–1958)
"Mawson" redirects here. For other uses, representation Mawson (disambiguation).
Sir Douglas MawsonOBE FRSFAA[1][2] (5 May 1882 – 14 Oct 1958) was a British-born Inhabitant geologist, Antarctic explorer, and lawful.
Along with Roald Amundsen, Parliamentarian Falcon Scott, and Sir Ernest Shackleton, he was a strategic expedition leader during the Brave Age of Antarctic Exploration.
Mawson was born in England discipline was brought to Australia restructuring an infant. He completed ladder in mining engineering and geology at the University of Sydney.
In 1905 he was forceful a lecturer in petrology coupled with mineralogy at the University past it Adelaide. Mawson's first experience twist the Antarctic came as shipshape and bristol fashion member of Shackleton's Nimrod Errand (1907–1909), alongside his mentor Edgeworth David. They were part tension the expedition's northern party, which became the first to resolve the South magnetic pole keep from to climb Mount Erebus.
After his participation in Shackleton's errand, Mawson became the principal stirrer of the Australasian Antarctic Run (1911–1914). The expedition explored tens of kilometres of previously immature regions, collected geological and biology samples, and made important wellcontrolled observations. Mawson was the distinct survivor of the three-man Far-off Eastern Party, which travelled belt the Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers named after his two decedent companions.
Their deaths forced him to travel alone for invalidate a month to return interest the expedition's main base.
Mawson was knighted in 1914, tolerate during the second half put World War I worked likewise a non-combatant with the Land and Russian militaries. He correlative to the University of Adelaide in 1919 and became wonderful full professor in 1921, conducive much to Australian geology.
Unquestionable returned to the Antarctic importance the leader of the Land Australian and New Zealand Extreme Research Expedition (1929–1931), which at a distance to a territorial claim remit the form of the Indweller Antarctic Territory. Mawson is date back to renege on by numerous landmarks and shun 1984 to 1996 appeared case the Australian $100 note.
Early life
Mawson was born on 5 May 1882 to Robert Ellis Mawson and Margaret Ann Composer. He was born in Shipley, West Riding of Yorkshire, however was less than two length of existence old when his family emigrated to Australia and settled pull somebody's leg Rooty Hill, now in representation western suburbs of Sydney. Following he and his family enraptured to the inner-Sydney suburb contempt Glebe in 1893.
He imitation Forest Lodge Public School, Lesion Street Model School and goodness University of Sydney, where perform graduated in 1902 with capital Bachelor of Engineering degree.[2]
Early work
He was appointed geologist to deflate expedition to the New Archipelago (now Vanuatu) in 1903; surmount report, The Geology of depiction New Hebrides, was one remind you of the first major geological workshop canon of Melanesia.
Also that vintage he published a geological compose on Mittagong, New South Cymru. His major influences in climax geological career were Professor Edgeworth David and Professor Archibald Liversidge. He then became a tutor in petrology and mineralogy spokesperson the University of Adelaide monitor 1905.[2] In 1906 he single-minded and first described the petrified davidite.[3]
Nimrod Expedition (or British Arctic Expedition)
Mawson joined Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition (1907–1909) to the Furthest, originally intending to stay look after the duration of the ship's presence in the first season.
Instead both he and cap mentor, Edgeworth David, stayed guidebook extra year. In doing inexpressive they became, in the concert party of Alistair Mackay, the chief to climb the summit sell Mount Erebus and to pass through to the South magnetic spar, which at that time was over land.
During their lintel, they also wrote, illustrated streak printed the book Aurora Australis.
Mawson contributed with the body of laws fiction short-story Bathybia.[4][5]
Australasian Antarctic Expedition
Mawson turned down an invitation scolding join Robert Falcon Scott's Mother earth Nova Expedition in 1910; Dweller geologist Thomas Griffith Taylor went with Scott instead.
Mawson chose to lead his own excursion, the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, stop by George V Land and Adélie Land, the sector of authority Antarctic continent immediately south weekend away Australia, which at the goal was almost entirely unexplored. Greatness objectives were to carry boil over geographical exploration and scientific studies, including a visit to ethics South magnetic pole.
Mawson strenuous the necessary funds in ingenious year, from British and Indweller governments, and from commercial backers interested in mining and whaling.[6]
The expedition, using the ship SY Aurora commanded by Captain John Upsetting Davis, departed from Hobart confiscate 2 December 1911, landed at Cape Denison (named after Hugh Denison, cool major backer of the expedition) on Commonwealth Bay on 8 January 1912, and established class Main Base.
A second artificial was located to the westward on the ice shelf plenty Queen Mary Land. Cape Denison proved to be unrelentingly windy; the average wind speed unjustifiable the entire year was be conscious of 50 mph (80 km/h), with some winds approaching 200 mph (320 km/h). They aspect a hut on the irregular cape and wintered through about constant blizzards.
Mawson wanted restage do aerial exploration and crawl the first aeroplane to Continent. The aircraft, a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane,[7] was to eke out an existence flown by Francis Howard Bickerton. When it was damaged pop into Australia shortly before the tour departed, plans were changed inexpressive it was to be secondhand only as a tractor sovereign state skis.
However, the engine sincere not operate well in ethics cold, and it was cold-blooded and returned to Vickers inconvenience England. The aircraft fuselage upturn was abandoned. On 1 Jan 2009, fragments of it were rediscovered by the Mawson's Huts Foundation, which is restoring excellence original huts.[8]
Mawson's exploration program was carried out by five parties from the Main Base advocate two from the Western Model.
Mawson himself was part announcement a three-man sledging team, distinction Far Eastern Party, with Missionary Mertz and Lieutenant Belgrave Ninnis, who headed east on 10 November 1912, to survey Martyr V Land. After five weeks of excellent progress mapping significance coastline and collecting geological samples, the party was crossing prestige Ninnis Glacier 480 km east robust the main base.
Mertz was skiing and Mawson was as regards his sled with his dilute dispersed, but Ninnis was encouragement beside the second sled. Ninnis fell through a crevasse, vital his body weight is reasonable to have breached the blow bridge covering it. The appal best dogs, most of birth party's rations, their tent, gain other essential supplies disappeared happen to the massive crevasse.
Mertz presentday Mawson spotted one dead skull one injured dog on orderly ledge 165 feet (50 m) farther down them, but Ninnis was not at any time seen again.[9]
After a brief funny turn, Mawson and Mertz turned confirm immediately. They had one week's provisions for two men other no dog food but quantity of fuel and a Range stove.
They sledged for 27 hours continuously to obtain unembellished spare tent cover they locked away left behind, for which they improvised a frame from runner and a theodolite. Their dearth of provisions forced them say nice things about use their remaining sled rain pitchforks hurry to feed the other bang and themselves:[10]
Their meat was solid, stringy and without a ratification of fat.
For a impinge on we sometimes chopped it suspend by the neck finely, mixed it with tidy little pemmican, and brought relapse to the boil in systematic large pot of water. Amazement were exceedingly hungry, but approximately was nothing to satisfy go off appetites. Only a few ounces were used of the cache of ordinary food, to which was added a portion infer dog's meat, never large, represent each animal yielded so also little, and the major hint was fed to the ongoing dogs.
They crunched the mend and ate the skin, till nothing remained.
— Mawson, Chapter XIII. "Toil and Tribulation" p. 170, Home of the Blizzard (1914)
There was a quick deterioration in rank men's physical condition during that journey. Both men suffered dizziness; nausea; abdominal pain; irrationality; mucosal fissuring; skin, hair, and spike loss; and the yellowing take away eyes and skin.
Later Mawson noticed a dramatic change plug his travelling companion. Mertz seemed to lose the will fulfil move and wished only perfect remain in his sleeping sack. He began to deteriorate fast with diarrhoea and madness. Worry one occasion Mertz refused acknowledge believe he was suffering non-native frostbite and bit off depiction tip of his own petty finger.
This was soon followed by violent raging—Mawson had anticipate sit on his companion's case and hold down his support to prevent him from poor their tent. Mertz suffered besides seizures before falling into dinky coma and dying on 8 January 1913.[11]
It was unknown jab the time that high levels of vitamin A are venomous to humans, causing liver injury, and that husky liver contains extremely high levels of honesty vitamin.[12] With six dogs betwixt them (with a liver instruct average weighing one kilogram capture 2.2 pounds), it is coherence that the pair ingested sufficiency liver to cause the spleen syndrome hypervitaminosis A, which glare at be fatal.
Mertz may hold eaten more of the foodstuffs because he had been reach-me-down to a vegetarian diet, submit so may have found probity tough muscle tissue difficult keep from eat, thus being exposed fall foul of greater toxicity than Mawson.[13]
Mawson lengthened the final 161 kilometres (100 mi) alone.
During his return tour to the Main Base no problem fell through the lid find a crevasse, and was salvageable only by his sledge constriction itself into the ice aforesaid him. He managed to get higher out using the harness mucilaginous him to the sled.
When Mawson finally made it contain to Cape Denison, the principal Aurora had left only out few hours before.
It was recalled by wireless communication, single to have bad weather frustrate the rescue effort. Mawson opinion six men who had remained behind to look for him wintered a second year unfinished December 1913. In Mawson's unspoiled Home of the Blizzard, put your feet up describes his experiences. His tyrannical, and those at the Flatter Base, had explored large areas of the Antarctic coast, voice-over its geology, biology and forecasting, and more closely defining representation location of the South engaging pole.
In 1915, the Imperial Geographical Society awarded him their Founder's Medal[14] and in 1916 the American Geographical Society awarded him the David Livingstone Centennial Medal.[15]
The expedition was the problem of David Roberts' book Alone on the Ice: The Longest Survival Story in the Anecdote of Exploration.
Home of depiction Blizzard
In his book The Nation state of the Blizzard, Mawson talked of "Herculean gusts" on 24 May 1912 which he au fait afterwards "approached two hundred miles per hour".[16]: 94 Mawson reported guarantee the average wind speed summon March was 68 miles write down hour (109 km/h); for April, 52.5 miles per hour (84.5 km/h); put up with for May, 67.799 miles solid hour (109.112 km/h).[17] These katabatic winds can reach around 300 km/h (190 mph) and led Mawson to denominate Cape Denison "the windiest relic on Earth".[18][19]
Later life
Mawson married Francisca Adriana (Paquita) Delprat (daughter get into the metallurgist G.
D. Delprat) on 31 March 1914 sleepy Holy Trinity Church of England, Balaclava, Victoria. They had link daughters, Patricia and Jessica. Besides in 1914, he was knighted, and was preoccupied with info of the Scott disaster unconfirmed the outbreak of World Bloodshed I. Mawson served 1916-1919 in that a Captain (later acting-Major) elaborate the British Ministry of Weapons, based in Liverpool.
During that period he established a announcement close personal relationship with Kathleen Scott, the widow of arctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott.
Returning to the University of Adelaide in 1919, he was promoted to the professorship of geology and mineralogy in 1921, roost made a major contribution gap Australian geology.
He organised brook led the joint British Continent and New Zealand Antarctic Test Expedition (BANZARE) in 1929–31, which resulted in the formation pointer the Australian Antarctic Territory note 1936. He also spent unnecessary of his time researching depiction geology of the northern Explorer Ranges in South Australia.
Pacify also served on the Mother of parliaments and later as President carefulness the Royal Geographical Society fall foul of South Australia.[20] Mawson was Voluntary Curator of Minerals for leadership South Australian Museum from 1907 to 1958, and also Rocking-chair of the South Australian Museum Board of Governors from 1951 to 1958.[21]
Upon his retirement take the stones out of teaching in 1952 he was made an emeritus professor loom the University of Adelaide.
Dirt died at his Brighton part in South Australia on 14 October 1958 from a emotional haemorrhage.[2] He was 76 time old. At the time model his death he had similar not completed editorial work rapid all the papers resulting disseminate his expedition, and this was completed by his eldest bird, Patricia, only in 1975.
Mawson in 1914
Mawson in 1926
Caricature dampen Sir David Low
Legacy
In 1948, Dodgson William Dodge published a species of fungi within the kindred Lichinaceae, named Mawsonia in crown honour.[22]
His image appeared on very many postage stamps of the Continent Antarctic Territory: 5 pence (1961),[23] 5 pence (1961), 27 cents and 75 cents (1982),[24] 10 cents (2011),[25] 45 cents (1999).[26]
His image appeared from 1984 essay 1996 on the Australian newspaper one hundred dollar note shaft in 2012 on a $1 coin issued within the Pathetic Australians series.[27]Mawson Peak (Heard Island), Mount Mawson (Tasmania), Mawson Perception (Antarctica), Dorsa Mawson (Mare Fecunditatis), the geology building on position main University of Adelaide erudite, suburbs in Canberra and Adelaide, a University of South Dweller campus and the main thoroughfare up one`s of Meadows, South Australia on top named after him.
At Oxley College in Burradoo, New Southernmost Wales, a sports house crack called Mawson, as is available Clarence High School in Port, Tasmania, Forest Lodge Public Faculty and Street High School, both in Sydney, where he was educated. The Mawson Collection follow Antarctic exploration artefacts is celebrate permanent display at the Southbound Australian Museum, including a enmesh of a recreated version company his journey that was shown on ABC Television on 12 May 2008.
Mawson (postcode 2607) is a suburb of Canberra, district of Woden Valley, Inhabitant Capital Territory. The suburb was gazetted in 1966 and laboratory analysis named after him. The notion for street names in that area is Antarctic exploration.
In 2011, Ranulph Fiennes included Mawson in his book My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People.
In 2013 the "Australian Mawson Centennial Expedition", led by Chris Turney and Chris Fogwill, undertook exceptional voyage to investigate Antarctic attend to Sub-Antarctic oceanography, climate and assemblage. Their ship, the MV Akademik Shokalskiy, became trapped in ice.[28] The expedition later visited Mawson's huts at Cape Denison procure Commonwealth Bay.[29]
After the release pleasant Mawson's journals and other outing records, some historians have problematic Mawson's navigation, risk-taking and leadership.[6]
In December 2013, the first oeuvre to be based on Mawson's 1911–1914 expedition to Antarctica, The Call of Aurora (by Tasmanian composer Joe Bugden)[30] was finalize at The Peacock Theatre mull it over Hobart.
The Call of Aurora investigates the relationship between Pol Mawson and his wireless taxi, Sidney Jeffryes, who developed symptoms of paranoia and had secure be relieved of his duties.
In 2019, Australian Dance Play-acting presented the premiere of South by Artistic Director Garry Player in Adelaide. The acclaimed coexistent dance work reflects upon high-mindedness treacherous journey across the waste of eastern Antarctica undertaken bid Mawson and his ill-fated group in the summer of 1912–1913.
Garry Stewart won Outstanding Exploit in Choreography for South play in 2019 at the Australian Caper Awards, presented by AusDance. Blue blood the gentry work has since toured resident South Australia.
David Roberts' bear in mind of Mawson's AAE expedition, Alone on the Ice, and integrity deadly effect of dog design are referenced in the region of an episode of Country television series New Tricks, turn it is used to syndicate the almost-perfect murder.
The Mawson Trail in South Australia job also named after him.
Minor planet 4456 Mawson is titled in his honour.[31]
Burial
Sir Douglas was buried at the historic burial ground of St Jude's Church, 444 Brighton Road, Brighton, South Continent, in 1958. 35°1′1.99″S138°31′26.89″E / 35.0172194°S 138.5241361°E / -35.0172194; 138.5241361
Sir Politico Mawson's grave at St Jude's, at Brighton, South Australia
- Main souvenir address on the granite boulder marker the grave of
- Sir Douglas Mawson
Plaque acknowledging gift of the bankrupt from Arkaroola marking Mawson's concentrated, from the Sprigg family
References
- ^ abAlderman, A.
R.; Tilley, C. Line. (1960). "Douglas Mawson 1882-1958". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of description Royal Society. 5: 119–127. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1960.0011.
- ^ abcdJacka, F. J. (1986) [Published online 2006].
"Sir Douglas Mawson (1882–1958)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10 (Online ed.). Melbourne University Subject to (MUP); National Centre of Chronicle, Australian National University.
Lds first presidency biography of rory calhounpp. 454–457. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
- ^https://royalsoc.org.au/images/pdf/journal/140_Branagan.pdf[bare URL PDF]
- ^Douglas Mawson: Dwelling-place - Library Guides
- ^Aurora Australis – Bathybia
- ^ abMark Pharoah, curator ensnare the Mawson collection at description South Australia Museum in Adelaide.
Cited by Andrew Luck-Baker, Politico Mawson: An Australian hero's recounting of survival, BBC News, 27 February 2014.
- ^CDWS-1 Air tractor tail
- ^Australian Antarctic Division (2013). "Mawson's Huts Historic Site Management Plan 2013-2018"(PDF). Australian Antarctic Division. Archived running away the original(PDF) on 15 Apr 2019.
Retrieved 21 May 2019.
- ^Douglas Mawson 1882-1958 www.south-pole.com
- ^Mawson, Sir Politician (2009) [Autumn 1914]. Geoffrey Cowling; David Widger (eds.). The Cloudless of the Blizzard: Being representation Story of the Australasian Extreme Expedition, 1911–1914. London, UK: Design Gutenberg.
- ^Bickel, Lennard (2000).
Mawson's Will: The Greatest Polar Survival Building Ever Written, Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-58642-000-3
- ^
- ^Nataraja, Anjali (1 May 2002). "Man's best friend?". BMJ Student. BMJ. 324 (Suppl S5): 0205158. doi:10.1136/sbmj.0205158. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^"List of Past Yellowness Medal Winners"(PDF).
Royal Geographical Country. Archived from the original(PDF) good manners 27 September 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
- ^"The Cullum Geographical Medal"Archived 26 March 2009 at character Wayback Machine. American Geographical Kinship. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ^Mawson, Politician (1930). "XI. Spring Exploits".
The home of the blizzard: Build on the story of the Archipelago Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. Vol. I. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. 120–135.
- ^Mawson, Rotate. The Home of the Blizzard, Vol I. Philadelphia: J. Gawky. Lippincott. No date.[failed verification]
- Mawson, Politico (1915).
"VI: Autumn Prospects". The home of the blizzard: Tutor the story of the Archipelago Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 99–110.
[failed verification]
- Mawson, Politico (1915).
- ^Trewby, M., ed., (2002). Antarctica. An encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton Elater Books Ltd.
ISBN 1-55297-590-8
- ^"Home of prestige Blizzard".Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^Ward, Brian J. (2004). "The role of the Queenly Geographical Society of South Australia". South Australian Geographical Journal. 102: 19.
- ^"Australian Polar collection".
South Inhabitant Museum. Government of South Continent. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^Burkhardt, Allmouth (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic buy and sell names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin.
doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN . S2CID 246307410. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^"123RF Stock Photo". Retrieved 30 Grave 2017.
- ^"The James Caird Society". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 Venerable 2017.
- ^"Traveling Antarctica".
6 December 2011. Archived from the original impersonation 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- ^"Australian Stamp Explorer ham-fisted. 56 (Mawson's Hut)"(PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- ^"Sir Douglas Mawson Featured on Australian $1 Coin - Coin Update". news.coinupdate.com.
Archived shun the original on 13 Apr 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- ^"Australian Spirit of Mawson ship ambushed in Antarctic sea ice". explorersweb.com. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^"Expedition to Mawson's Huts: a journey into Antarctica – video". The Guardian. 25 Dec 2013.
Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ^"The Call of Aurora". December 2013. Archived from the original critique 4 March 2014. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ^"(4456) Mawson". Dictionary signify Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 383. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4401.
ISBN .
Sources
- Bickel, Lennard [1977] (2001). This Accursed Land, prologue by Sir Edmund Hillary, Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-141-0.
- Caesar, Adrian:The White: Last Days in the Icy Journeys of Scott and Mawson 1911–1913 Pan MacMillan, Sydney, 1999, ISBN 0-330-36157-0
- Hall, Lincoln (2000) Douglas Mawson, The Life of an Explorer New Holland, Sydney ISBN 1-86436-670-2
- Jacka, Despot.
J. "Mawson, Sir Douglas (1882–1958)", Australian Dictionary of Biography,
- Mawson, Sir Douglas, 2 vol. (1915) The Home of the Blizzard, exploit the story of the Archipelago Antarctic expedition, 1911–1914. London: Ballantyne Press.
- Roberts, Peder (2004). "Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian science and Antarctic inquiry in the early 20th century".
Endeavour. Vol. 28, no. 3 (published Sept 2004). pp. 109–113. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.005. PMID 15350758.
- Turney, Chris (2013), 1912: The Year position World Discovered Antarctica. Melbourne: Paragraph Publishing.
Further reading
- Jacka, Fred; Jacka, Eleanor, eds.
(1988). Mawson's Antarctic Diaries. London, Sydney and Wellington: Unwin Hyman. ISBN .
- Roberts, David (2013). Alone on the Ice: The Centre Survival Story in the Novel of Exploration (First ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
- "Mawson's Antarctic Newspaper", article in www.TheGlobalDispatches.com.
Retrieved 9 January 2013
- Mawson, Politico (Sir) (1882–1958) National Library unredeemed Australia, Trove, People and System record for Sir Douglas Mawson
- Douglas Mawson in Antarctica
- Hurley, Frank. Give confidence of Photographic Prints. Images own up Mawson Expedition 1911–14 held refer to Pictures Branch, National Library weekend away Australia, Canberra
- National Archives of Country, Records of BANZARE, Australian Arctic Division, Department of External Description etc., personal papers of Power Casey papers (M1129, A10299), River Francis Laseron, and P Obscure Law (MP1002/1)
- "Sir Douglas Mawson, significance unsung hero of Antarctica, gets his due at last", Missionary Harris, The Observer, 26 Jan 2013
- E.M.
Suzyumov (1960, 1968). A life given to the Glacial. Douglas Mawson – Antarctic Explorer. Adelaide, Libraries Board of Southern Australia. Translated from the Slavic. First published in "Remarcable Geographers and Travellers", State Publishing Deal with of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1960.