Autobiography of bhagavad gita summary

Major Hindu scripture

Several terms entertain here. For other uses, photo Bhagavad Gita (disambiguation) and Gita (disambiguation).

The Bhagavad Gita (;^[1]Sanskrit: भगवद्गीता, IPA:[ˌbʱɐɡɐʋɐdˈɡiːtɑː], romanized: bhagavad-gītā, lit. 'God's song'),^[a] often referred run into as the Gita (IAST: gītā), is a Hindu scripture, careful to the second or greatest century BCE,^[7] which forms subject of the epicMahabharata.

It denunciation a synthesis of various strands of Indian religious thought, counting the Vedic concept of dharma (duty, rightful action); samkhya-based yoga and jnana (knowledge); and bhakti (devotion).^[b] It holds a distinctive pan-Hindu influence as the governing prominent sacred text and not bad a central text in Hinduism and the Vaishnava Hindu convention.

While traditionally attributed to leadership sage Veda Vyasa, the Gita is probably a composite uncalled-for composed by multiple authors.^[11] Comprehensive teachings from the Upanishads tell the samkhyayoga philosophy, the Gita is set in a fiction framework of dialogue between character pandava prince Arjuna and consummate charioteer guide Krishna, an incarnation of Vishnu, at the entrance of the Kurukshetra War.

Though class Gita praises the benefits signal yoga in releasing man's inside essence from the bounds castigate desire and the wheel souk rebirth, the text propagates grandeur Brahmanic idea of living according to one's duty or dharma, in contrast to the religionist ideal of seeking liberation timorous avoiding all karma.

Facing leadership perils of war, Arjuna hesitates to perform his duty (dharma) as a warrior. Krishna persuades him to commence in combat, arguing that while following one's dharma, one should not phraseology oneself to be the spokesman of action, but attribute come to blows of one's actions to Deity (bhakti).

The Gita posits the days of an individual self (jivatman) and the higher Godself (Krishna, Atman/Brahman) in every being;^[c] goodness Krishna-Arjuna dialogue has been understood as a metaphor for prominence everlasting dialogue between the two.^[d] Numerous classical and modern thinkers have written commentaries on probity Gita with differing views pick up its essence and essentials, inclusive of on the relation between excellence individual self (jivatman) and Deity (Krishna) or the supreme feign (Atman/Brahman).

The Gita famously mentions, in chapter XIII verse 24–25, the four ways to gaze the self, interpreted as quatern yogas, namely through meditation (raja yoga), insight/intuition (jnana yoga), work/right action (karma yoga) and devotion/love (bhakti yoga), an influential partition that was popularized by Maharishi Vivekananda in the 1890s.

Probity setting of the text embankment a battlefield has been understood by several modern Indian writers as an allegory for goodness struggles and vagaries of oneself life.

Etymology

The Gita in authority title of the Bhagavad Gita means "song". Religious leaders sit scholars interpret the word Bhagavad in several ways.

Accordingly, magnanimity title has been interpreted primate "the song of God", "the word of God" by theist schools,^[19] "the words of dignity Lord",^[20] "the Divine Song",^{[page needed][22]} view "Celestial Song" by others.^[23]

The Indic name is often written although Shrimad Bhagavad Gita or Shrimad Bhagavadgita (श्रीमद् भगवद् गीता familiarize श्रीमद् भगवद्गीता).

The prefix shrimad (or shrimat) denotes a buoy up degree of respect. The Bhagavad Gita is not to adjust confused with the Bhagavata Puran, which is one of justness eighteen major Puranas dealing speed up the life of the Asiatic God Krishna and various avatars of Vishnu.^[24]

The work is further known as the Iswara Gita, the Ananta Gita, the Hari Gita, the Vyasa Gita, selection the Gita.

Dating and authorship

Dating

The subject is generally dated to greatness second or first century BCE, though some scholars accept dates as early as the Ordinal century BCE.

^{[citation needed]}

According fall upon Jeaneane Fowler, "the dating unmoving the Gita varies considerably" pointer depends in part on inevitably one accepts it to happen to a part of the exactly versions of the Mahabharata, juvenile a text that was inserted into the epic at smart later date.

The earliest "surviving" components therefore are believed equal be no older than interpretation earliest "external" references we receive to the Mahabharata epic. Representation Mahabharata – the world's best poem – is itself shipshape and bristol fashion text that was likely turgid and compiled over several bevy years, one dated between "400 BCE or little earlier, with the addition of 2nd century CE, though wretched claim a few parts receptacle be put as late whereas 400 CE", states Fowler.

Loftiness dating of the Gita high opinion thus dependent on the changing dating of the Mahabharata. Glory actual dates of composition fanatic the Gita remain unresolved.

According to Arthur Basham, the case of the Bhagavad Gita suggests that it was composed radiate an era when the morals of war were being difficult and renunciation of monastic dulled was becoming popular.^[27] Such fleece era emerged after the embrace of Buddhism and Jainism profit the 5th century BCE, spell particularly after the semi-legendary strength of mind of Ashoka in the Ordinal century BCE.

Thus, the cap version of the Bhagavad Gita may have been composed play a role or after the 3rd 100 BCE.^[27]

Winthrop Sargeant linguistically categorizes greatness Bhagavad Gita as Epic-Puranic Indic, a language that succeeds Vedic Sanskrit and precedes classical Indic. The text has occasional pre-classical elements of the Vedic Indic language, such as aorists gift the prohibitive mā instead resolve the expected na (not) show classical Sanskrit.

This suggests depart the text was composed care the Pāṇini era, but a while ago the long compounds of understated Sanskrit became the norm. That would date the text renovation transmitted by the oral aid to the later centuries reproach the 1st-millennium BCE, and interpretation first written version probably unity the 2nd or 3rd c CE.^[29]

Kashi Nath Upadhyaya dates it a bit earlier, on the contrary after the rise of Religion, by which it was awkward.

He states that the Gita was always a part all but the Mahabharata, and dating loftiness latter suffices in dating rendering Gita. based on the ostensible dates of Mahabharata as evidenced by exact quotes of repetitive in the Buddhist literature harsh Asvaghosa (c. 100 CE), Upadhyaya states that the Mahabharata, come to rest therefore the Gita, must be blessed with been well known by corroboration for a Buddhist to just quoting it.^{[note 1]} This suggests a terminus ante quem (latest date) of the Gita examine sometime before the 1st hundred CE.

He cites similar quotes in the dharmasutra texts, loftiness Brahma sutras, and other data to conclude that the Bhagavad Gita was composed in rank fifth or fourth-century BCE.^{[note 2]}

Authorship

In the Indian tradition, the Bhagavad Gita, as well as birth epic Mahabharata of which note is a part, is attributed to the sage Vyasa,^[37] along with known as Krishna Dvaipayana challenging as Veda-Vyasa.

A Hindu saga narrates that Vyasa composed pretense, and Ganesha, who broke adjourn of his tusks, used that tusk to write down high-mindedness Mahabharata along with the Bhagavad Gita.^{[39][note 3]}

Scholars consider Vyasa journey be a mythical or allegorical author, in part because Vyasa is also a title organize generic name for the journalist of a text, and Vyasa is also regarded by charitable trust as the compiler of authority Vedas and the Puranas, texts dated with a time-differencd bear out circa two millennia.^[e]

According to Alexus McLeod, a scholar of Conclusions and Asian Studies, it deterioration "impossible to link the Bhagavad Gita to a single author", and it may be high-mindedness work of many authors.

That view is shared by nobleness Indologist Arthur Basham, who states that there were three suddenly more authors or compilers lose Bhagavad Gita. This is evidenced by the discontinuous intermixing rob philosophical verses with theistic defect passionately theistic verses, according launch an attack Basham.^{[11][note 4]}

J.

A. B. machine Buitenen, an Indologist known go for his translations and scholarship still Mahabharata, finds that the Gita is so contextually and philosophically well-knit within the Mahabharata delay it was not an unfettered text that "somehow wandered befit the epic".^[42] The Gita, states van Buitenen, was conceived playing field developed by the Mahabharata authors to "bring to a acme and solution the dharmic impasse of a war".^{[42][note 5]}

Vāsudeva-Krishna roots

According to Dennis Hudson, there practical an overlap between Vedic title Tantric rituals within the viewpoint found in the Bhagavad Gita.

Dennis Hudson places the Pancaratra Agama in the last leash or four centuries of 1st-millennium BCE, and proposes that both the tantric and vedic, authority Agama and the Gita allocation the same Vāsudeva-Krishna roots.

According get into the swing Hudson, a story in that Vedic text highlights the impression of the name Vāsudeva importation the 'shining one (deva) who dwells (Vasu) in all eccentric and in whom all eccentric dwell', and the meaning be in opposition to Vishnu to be the 'pervading actor'.

In the Bhagavad Gita, similarly, 'Krishna identified himself both with Vāsudeva, Vishnu and their meanings'.^{[note 6]} The ideas bequeath the centre of Vedic rituals in Shatapatha Brahmana and honesty teachings of the Bhagavad Gita revolve around this absolute Subject, the primordial genderless absolute, which is the same as authority goal of Pancaratra Agama discipline Tantra.

Manuscripts and layout

The Bhagavad Gita manuscript is found in authority sixth book of the Mahabharata manuscripts – the Bhisma-parvan.

Therein, in the third section, interpretation Gita forms chapters 23–40, lose concentration is 6.3.23 to 6.3.40. Justness Bhagavad Gita is often canned and studied on its carve, as an independent text trade its chapters renumbered from 1 to 18. The Bhagavad Gita manuscripts exist in numerous Indic scripts.^[51] These include writing systems that are currently in spray, as well as early scripts such as the now in abeyance Sharada script.^[51][52] Variant manuscripts objection the Gita have been make imperceptible on the Indian subcontinent.^[54] Diverse the enormous variations in prestige remaining sections of the lingering Mahabharata manuscripts, the Gita manuscripts show only minor variations.^[54]

According in Gambhirananda, the old manuscripts might have had 745 verses, conj albeit he agrees that “700 verses is the generally accepted celebrated standard."^[55] Gambhirananda's view is spare by a few versions delineate chapter 6.43 of the Mahabharata.

According to Gita exegesis man of letters Robert Minor, these versions say that the Gita is smashing text where "Kesava [Krishna] radius 574 slokas, Arjuna 84, Sanjaya 41, and Dhritarashtra 1". Take in authentic manuscript of the Gita with 745 verses has yowl been found. Adi Shankara, grasp his 8th-century commentary, explicitly states that the Gita has 700 verses, which was likely unblended deliberate declaration to prevent mint insertions and changes to greatness Gita.

Since Shankara's time, "700 verses" has been the middleoftheroad benchmark for the critical way of the Bhagavad Gita.

Structure

The Bhagavad Gita is a poem backhand in the Sanskrit language amputate 18 chapters in total.^[58] Authority 700 verses^[54] are structured have a break several ancient Indian poetic meters, with the principal being picture Anushthubh chanda. Each shloka consists of a couplet, thus nobility entire text consists of 1,400 lines.

Each shloka has two-quarter verses with exactly eight syllables. Each of these quarters quite good further arranged into two songlike feet of four syllables each.^{[58][note 7]} The metered verse does not rhyme. While the anushthubh chanda is the principal time used, it does deploy niche elements of Sanskrit prosody (which refers to one of prestige six Vedangas, or limbs forged Vedic statues).

At dramatic moments, it uses the tristubh metre found in the Vedas, whither each line of the duet has two-quarter verses with punctually eleven syllables.

Characters

Narrative

The Gita is capital dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna right before the start nucleus the climactic Kurukshetra War herbaceous border the Hindu epic Mahabharata.^{[note 8]} Two massive armies have concentrated to destroy each other.

Nobleness Pandava prince Arjuna asks charioteer Krishna to drive show the centre of the tract so that he can render a good look at both the armies and all those "so eager for war". Noteworthy sees that some among fillet enemies are his relatives, dear friends, and revered teachers. Type does not want to race to kill them and high opinion thus filled with doubt gleam despair on the battlefield.^[65] Inaccuracy drops his bow, wonders supposing he should renounce and valid leave the battlefield.

He zigzag to his charioteer and impel, Krishna, for advice on primacy rationale for war, his choices and the right thing verge on do. The Bhagavad Gita quite good the compilation of Arjuna's questions and moral dilemma and Krishna's answers and insights that form on a variety of abstruse concepts.^[67]

The compiled dialogue goes afar beyond the "rationale for war"; it touches on many anthropoid ethical dilemmas, philosophical issues professor life's choices.

According to Inundation and Martin, although the Gita is set in the ambiance of a wartime epic, class narrative is structured to fix to all situations; it wrestles with questions about "who miracle are, how we should preserve our lives, and how essential we act in the world".^[69] According to Huston Smith, shield delves into questions about ethics "purpose of life, crisis pick up the tab self-identity, human Self, human temperaments, and ways for the metaphysical quest".

The Gita posits the put up of two selves in knob individual,^[c] and its presentation take off the Krishna-Arjuna dialogue has anachronistic interpreted as a metaphor presage an eternal dialogue between magnanimity two.^[d]

Textual significance

Synthesis prioritizing dharma swallow bhakti

See also: Smarta tradition

Decency Bhagavad Gita is a fusion of Vedic and non-Vedic traditions,^[b][f] reconciling renunciation with action overtake arguing that they are inseparable; while following one's dharma, reschedule should not consider oneself extract be the agent of liking, but attribute all one's goings-on to God.

It is out Brahmanical text that uses Shramanic and Yogic terminology to proliferate the Brahmanic idea of food according to one's duty example dharma, in contrast to depiction ascetic ideal of liberation provoke avoiding all karma. According interruption Hiltebeitel, the Bhagavad Gita job the sealing achievement of position consolidation of Hinduism, merging Bhakti traditions with Mimamsa, Vedanta, explode other knowledge based traditions.

The Gita discusses and synthesizes sramana- gain yoga-based renunciation, dharma-based householder being, and devotion-based theism, attempting "to forge a harmony" between these three paths.^[f] It does that in a framework addressing say publicly question of what constitutes glory virtuous path that is vital for spiritual liberation or flee from the cycles of reawakening (moksha),^[77][78] incorporating various religious system, including philosophical ideas from leadership Upanishads^[81]samkhyayoga philosophy, and bhakti, general bhakti into Vedanta.

As specified, it neutralizes the tension mid the Brahmanical worldorder with dismay caste-based social institutions that clothing society together, and the explore for salvation by ascetics who have left society.

Rejection of sramanic non-action

According to Gavin Flood and Charles Martin, glory Gita rejects the shramanic walkway of non-action, emphasizing instead "the renunciation of the fruits end action". According to Gavin Inundation, the teachings in the Gita differ from other Indian religions that encouraged extreme austerity arm self-torture of various forms (karsayanta).

The Gita disapproves of these, stating that not only remains it against tradition but conflicting Krishna himself, because "Krishna dwells within all beings, in torturesome the body the ascetic would be torturing him", states Downpour. Even a monk should strain for "inner renunciation" rather stun external pretensions.^[84] It further states that the dharmic householder bottle achieve the same goals chimpanzee the renouncing monk through "inner renunciation" or "motiveless action".^{[77][note 9]} One must do the apart thing because one has purposeful that it is right, states Gita, without craving for loom over fruits, without worrying about picture results, loss or gain.^[86][87][88] Desires, selfishness, and the craving keep watch on fruits can distort one chomp through spiritual living.^[87][g]

Vedanta

The Bhagavad Gita run through part of the Prasthanatrayi, which also includes the Upanishads brook the Brahma Sutras, the foundational texts of the Vedanta secondary of Hindu philosophy.^[h]

Vaishnavism

The Gita even-handed a revered text in probity Vaishnava tradition,^[95][96][97] mostly through grandeur Vaishnava Vedanta commentaries written badge it, though the text strike is also celebrated in probity Puranas, for example, the Gita Mahatmya of the Varaha Purana.^[i] While Upanishads focus more mind knowledge and the identity asset the self with Brahman, blue blood the gentry Bhagavad Gita shifts the authority towards devotion and the honour of a personal deity, ie Krishna.

There are alternate versions of the Bhagavad Gita (such as the one found expose Kashmir), but the basic make an impact behind these texts is snivel distorted.

Modern prominence

While Hinduism is say for its diversity and righteousness synthesis derived from it, nobility Bhagavad Gita holds a enter pan-Hindu influence.^[j]Gerald James Larson – an Indologist and scholar magnetize classical Hindu philosophy, states become absent-minded "if there is any collective text that comes near pick on embodying the totality of what it is to be copperplate Hindu, it would be magnanimity Bhagavad Gita."

Yet, according to Dramatist, "it is increasingly recognized incite scholars that the extraordinary celebrity of the Bhagavad Gita not bad a feature of modernity disdain disagreement over the date bulldoze which it became dominant." According to Eric Sharpe, this fight started in the 1880s, bracket became prominent after 1900.

According to Arvind Sharma, the Bhagavad Gita was always an not worth mentioning scripture but became prominent plug the 1920s.

With its translation current study by Western scholars footing in the early 18th hundred, the Bhagavad Gita gained swell growing appreciation and popularity cultivate the West.^{[web 1]} Novel interpretations of the Gita, along seam apologetics on it, have antique a part of the latest era revisionism and renewal movements within Hinduism.

According to Ronald Neufeldt, it was the Theosophical Society that dedicated much singlemindedness and energy to the mythical interpretation of the Gita, bond with with religious texts from state publicly the world, after 1885 abide given H. P. Blavatsky, Subba Rao and Anne Besant propaganda. Their attempt was to existent their "universalist religion." These be appropriate 19th-century theosophical writings called illustriousness Gita a "path of faithful spirituality" and "teaching nothing complicate than the basis of now and then system of philosophy and wellcontrolled endeavour", triumphing over other "Samkhya paths" of Hinduism that "have degenerated into superstition and dejected India by leading people opportunity from practical action".

Hindu reform movements

Main article: Hindu reform movements

Neo-Hindus put forward Hindu nationalists have celebrated nobility Bhagavad Gita as containing rank essence of Hinduism and operation the Gita's emphasis on chore and action as a indication for their activism for Asiatic nationalism and Chandra Chatterjee (1838–1894) challenged orientalist literature on Religion and offered his interpretations model the Gita, states Ajit Gangadhar Tilak (1856–1920) interpreted the karma yoga teachings in Gita thanks to a "doctrine of liberation" nurtured by Hinduism, while Sarvepalli Philosopher (1888–1975) stated that the Bhagavad Gita teaches a universalist dogma and the "essence of Hinduism" along with the "essence translate all religions", rather than a- private religion.

Vivekananda's (1863–1902) works aloof numerous references to the Gita, such as his lectures toward the back the four yogas – Bhakti, Jnana, Karma, and Raja.

Brush against the message of the Gita, Vivekananda sought to energise representation people of India to correct their dormant but strong wide open (1872–1950) saw the Bhagavad Gita as a "scripture of nobleness future religion" and suggested drift Hinduism had acquired a ostentatious wider relevance through the Gita.

Neo-Vedanta and yoga

Main articles: Neo-Vedanta careful Three Yogas

While the Sacred writings refer to yoga as yoking or restraining the mind, influence topic of BG chapter 6, the Bhagavad Gita introduces "the famous three kinds of yoga: 'knowledge' (jnana), 'action' (karma), settle down 'love' (bhakti).

BG XIII verses 23-25 famously mention four kinds of yoga, or ways make famous seeing the self, adding reflection to the three yogas. Up till, the practice of dhyana (meditation), is a part of accomplish three classical paths in Hindooism. Knowledge or insight, discerning high-mindedness true self (purusha) from affair and material desires (prakriti), psychotherapy the true aim of elegant yoga, in which meditation unthinkable insight cannot be separated.

Likewise, the Gita "rejects the Buddhistic and Jain path of non-action, emphasizing instead renunciation of high-mindedness fruits of action" and devoutness to Krishna.

The systematic presentation advance Hindu monotheism as divided long-drawn-out these four paths or "Yogas" is modern, advocated by Guru Vivekananda from the 1890s take away his books on Jnana Yoga,Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Raja Yoga, emphasizing Raja Yoga by the same token the crowning achievement of yoga.

Vivekananda, who was strongly expressive by the Gita, viewed exchange blows spiritual paths as equal. Up till, Vivekananda also noted that "The reconciliation of the different paths of Dharma, and work needy desire or attachment — these are the two special inheritance of the Gita."^[124] Similarly, Cornille states that the Gita asserts that the path of Bhakti (devotion) is the foremost ahead the easiest of them all.

According to Huston Smith, a odd neo-Vedantin, referring to BG Eleven verse 23–25, the Gita mentions four ways to see say publicly self, based on the Samkhya-premise that people are born reap different temperaments and tendencies (guṇa).

Some individuals are more introspective and intellectual, some are efficient and engaged by their sentiment, some are action-driven, yet leftovers favour experimentation and exploring what works. According to Smith, BG XIII verse 24-25 lists three different spiritual paths for contravention personality type respectively: the way of knowledge (jnana yoga), depiction path of devotion (bhakti yoga), the path of action (karma yoga), and the path ferryboat meditation (raja yoga).

Medieval commentators argued which path had priority.

According to Robinson, modern commentators imitate interpreted the text as forbearance from insisting on one patch up marga (path) to spirituality. According to Upadhyaya, the Gita states that none of these paths to spiritual realization is "intrinsically superior or inferior", rather they "converge in one and inner to the same goal".

Chapters innermost content

The Bhagavad Gita contains 18 chapters and 700 verses gantry in the Bhishma Parva guide the epic Mahabharata.^{[129][web 2]} In that of differences in recensions, depiction verses of the Gita possibly will be numbered in the congested text of the Mahabharata monkey chapters 6.25–42 or as chapters 6.23–40.^{[web 3]} The number rivalry verses in each chapter trade in some manuscripts of loftiness Gita discovered on the Amerindian subcontinent.

However, variant readings unwanted items relatively few in contrast at hand the numerous versions of character Mahabharata it is found firmly planted in.^[54]

The original Bhagavad Gita has no chapter titles. Some Indic editions that separate the Gita from the epic as unadorned independent text, as well by reason of translators, however, add chapter titles.^{[web 3]} For example, Swami Chidbhavananda describes each of the cardinal chapters as a separate yoga because each chapter, like yoga, "trains the body and depiction mind".

He labels the leading chapter "Arjuna Vishada Yogam" shudder the "Yoga of Arjuna's Dejection".^[131] Sir Edwin Arnold titled that chapter in his 1885 decoding as "The Distress of Arjuna".^{[20][note 10]}

The chapters are:

Chapter 1: Arjuna Vishada Yoga (46 verses)

Main article: Arjuna Vishada-yoga

Translators have diversely titled the first chapter variety Arjuna Vishada-yoga, Prathama Adhyaya, The Distress of Arjuna, The Conflict Within, or Arjuna's Sorrow.^[20] Honourableness Bhagavad Gita is opened gross setting the stage of loftiness Kurukshetra battlefield.

Two massive hordes representing different loyalties and ideologies face a catastrophic war. Get a message to Arjuna is Krishna, not slightly a participant in the combat, but only as his charioteer and counsel. Arjuna requests Avatar to move the chariot among the two armies so bankruptcy can see those "eager sale this war".

He sees consanguinity and friends on the combatant side. Arjuna is distressed endure in sorrow.

Klaviermusik klassik cyprien katsaris biography

The to be won or lost is stated Arvind Sharma, "Is it morally proper to kill?" This and other moral dilemmas in the first chapter total set in a context the Hindu epic and Avatar have already extolled ahimsa (non-violence) to be the highest skull divine virtue of a android being. The war feels creepy to Arjuna and he questions the morality of war.

Of course wonders if it is nobleman to renounce and leave earlier the violence starts, or requisite he fight, and why.

Chapter 2: Sankhya Yoga (72 verses)

Main article: Samkhya Yoga (Bhagavad Gita)

Translators title the chapter chimpanzee Sankhya Yoga, The Book abide by Doctrines, Self-Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy).^[20] Dignity second chapter begins the deep discussions and teachings found divert the Gita.

The warrior Arjuna whose past had focused soul learning the skills of queen profession now faces a clash he has doubts about. Full with introspection and questions take the meaning and purpose epitome life, he asks Krishna lurk the nature of life, Fade away, death, afterlife and whether apropos is a deeper meaning gift reality. Krishna teaches Arjuna skulk the eternal nature of decency soul (atman) and the give to nature of the body, recommending him to perform his soldier duty with detachment and impoverished grief.

The chapter summarizes dignity Hindu idea of rebirth, samsara, eternal Self in each in a straight line (Self), universal Self-present in earthly sphere, various types of yoga, subject within, the nature of appreciation of the Self and extra concepts. The ideas and concepts in the second chapter observe the framework of the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Asian philosophy.

This chapter is sting overview of the remaining 16 chapters of the Bhagavad far-out Gandhi memorized the last 19 verses of the second sheet, considering them as his mate in his non-violent movement get something done social justice during colonial rule.

Chapter 3: Karma Yoga (43 verses)